Data transmission in computer networks

Why can beckon with a really low frequence follow the Earth ‘s surface? Why are they non used for informations transmittal in computing machine webs?Answers: Radio moving ridges which are below 2 MHz follow the land. Following are the ground why its happened,DiffractionCurrent induced in the Earth ‘s surface, which slows moving ridges near the Earth, and because of this moving ridge forepart tilt downward.These can be some ground that why Low frequence are non used for informations transmittal in computing machine webs.Low frequences – & A ; agrave ; lower information rates ( Nyquist/Shannon )As more power is needed to convey and have low frequences, for this big aerial are needed. Penetration of Lower frequences to stuff is high.Why does the ITU-R lone regulate ‘lower ‘ frequences ( up to some hundred GHz ) and non higher frequences ( in the THz scope ) ?Answers: THz scope frequences, such as infrared, seeable visible radiation, do n't interfere with other transmittal because ther are are blocked easy when obstructions are nowadayss. So merely the standard safety ordinances applied to the systems. Its non easy to bring forth the higer freuencies when the wireless systems stay beyond the 100 GHz.What are the different attacks in reulation sing nomadic phone systems in Europe and the US? What are the effects?Answers:European attackClassical attack which was that, standardisation and regulate before any merchandises were available.ETSI which is founded by EU authoritiess to harmonise national ordinances.All states had to obey or follow the criterions set by ETSI.American ApproachCompanies develop the systems, so market success attempt to coerce the criterion, or companies itself try to standardise.FCC is the illustration.Affects of different ApproachsSome criterions failed and some succeeded merely in Europe, HIPERLAN 1 ( wholly failed ) , and ISDN ( Succeeded ) . Some become the worldwide ( GSM ) .US attack is better for the most of the systems, i.e. initial merchandises, and after it, standardized. WLAN 802.11 is a good illustration for the USA attack. But criterions about noma dic market which are good established in Europe but its non even known in US. i.e. free roaming, MMS, GPRS roaming.Why is the international handiness of the same ISM bands of import?Answers: International handiness of same ISM set is of import because ofInteroperability.big plenty market to do the consumer devices cheap.What are the chief jobs of signal extension? Why do wireless moving ridges non ever follow a consecutive line? Why is contemplation both utile and harmful?Answers: Following are the ground which cause the signal extension,AttenuationDispersingDiffractionContemplationRefractionIn the presence of big edifices, without multipath extension or contemplation of signal we ca n't have radio signal. Inter symbol intervention ( ISI ) is due to multipath extension.Why, typically, is digital transition non plenty for wireless transmittal? What are general ends for digital transition? What are typical strategies?Answers: FDM is used worldwide for dividing different systems. So all the wireless system must utilize linear transition for modulating the digital signal onto a bearer frequence. Most of the wireless Stationss want to convey at the same clip, because of this ground all the signal should be transition onto different bearer frequences. Other ground behind digital transition,Antenna and medium features.Features for digital transition areSpectral efficiencyPower efficiencyRobustness.Typical strategies areAskPSKFSKWhat are the chief benefits of a spread spectrum system? How can distributing be achieved? How can DSSS systems profit from multi-path extension?Answers:Benefits of a Spread Spectrum System:Robust against interventionBuilt-in securityFooting for CDMA engineeringsIf the signal degree is low plenty so it can be used as background of bing systems.By Chiping sequence or frequence hopping ( XORing ) a spot, we can accomplish Spreading. Guard infinites are now the perpendicularity of the splintering sequences or skiping forms. Higher Orthogonality- & A ; agrave ; Lower the correlativity of spread signals, or lower the hit chance of frequence skiping systems. To recombining signals going along different waies, DSSS system typically use rake receiving systems.What limits the figure of coincident users in a TDM/FDM system compared to a CDM system? What happens to the transmittal quality of connexions if the burden gets higher in a cell, i.e. , how does an extra user influence the other users in the cell?Answers:Mentions:Jochen Schiller, â€Å" Mobile Communication † , 2nd ed. , Addison-Wesley

The Life and Works of Rudolfo A. Anaya

Rudolfo A. Anaya, a New Mexican writer, is considered one of the creators of Chicano Literature. He is most known for his novel Bless Me, Ultima. He has been recognized with many prestigious rewards for his work. As Anaya says, â€Å"As a Chicano writer I am part of a community which for the first time in our contemporary era has produced enough literary works to create a literary movement. Prior to the 1960s western literature was written about us, but seldom by us. Now the world has a truer insight into our world; the view is now from within as more and more Chicano and Chicana writers explore their reality† (Rudolfo A(lfonso) Anaya Biography 1). Anaya was born on October 30, 1927 in the small village of Pastura, New Mexico (Anaya 363, Contemporary Hispanic Biography 1). He was born to Martin and Rafaelita Anaya. Anaya was the fifth of seven children. His father came from a family of cattle workers and sheepherders, was a vaquero, a horseman who worked on ranches surrounding Pastura, and his mother came from a family of poor farmers (Contemporary Hispanic Biography 1). At a young age, his family moved to Santa Rosa, New Mexico. Their house was perched over the Pecos River, and young Anaya spent his childhood roaming around the planes with his friends, hunting, and fishing in the Pecos River. He was raised in a strong Catholic household, he stated, â€Å"In my child hood world the power of prayer was supreme† (Anaya 362). Also, Anaya grew up in a Spanish speaking only house hold. He stated that his parents only mostly spoke Spanish and that at the age of six or seven when he started school he knew very little to no English (Anaya 362-365). My parents spoke only Spanish. My dad worked for big ranchers and he could buy and sell cattle, which meant he could get along in English. But at home it was a complete Spanish-speaking household. By the time I went to school when I was six or seven, I didn't know English, I only knew Spanish† (Stone). At the age of fifteen Anaya moved to Albuquerque, and he attended Albuquerque High School. In Albuqu erque Anaya was exposed to prejudice against Latinos as well as some cultural and ethnic differences he had not previously faced. Anaya played football and baseball in Albuquerque. He managed to avoid the trouble of gangs, and he kept good grades. (Anaya 364-366, Contemporary Hispanic Biography). At the age of sixteen Anaya suffered a diving accident. Diving into an irrigation ditch, Anaya broke two vertebrae; he nearly killed himself. Anaya said in his short auto biography, â€Å"The doctors would later explain that I had fractured two vertebrae in my neck, and I had gone into instant paralysis. I could not move a muscle† (Anaya 369). His mother nursed him through his paralysis with daily massaging the stiff limbs, and his friends never wavered. He swam, exercised, and slowly began to reenter the rough and tumble life. He mentions that one of the first things that he did was return to the YMCA pool alone. As a way to conquer his fear he dove into the water alone (Anaya 369-372). In 1956, Anaya graduated from Albuquerque High School. Anaya then attended business school for two years before dropping out and enrolling in the university. University life sent Anaya into an identity crisis. He speaks of losing his faith in god. Anaya found that the culture at the university was not his own; also, Anaya found that his classes were devoid of relevance to his own culture. On top of all this a recently failed relationship with a girl pushed Anaya to begin writing to help his pain. However, much of these early writings were later destroyed. Anaya thanks his friends for helping him survive the university. On weekends he would get with his friends and go out drinking, playing pool, and meeting girls. Anaya received a degree and soon after accepted a teaching position in a small town in New Mexico. (Anaya 373-375). In this small town he still continued to practice his writing everyday (Contemporary Hispanic Biography ). He married a young woman named Patricia Lawless. Patricia, from Kansas, provided him with encouragement, and Patricia would read his work and respond to its weaknesses (Anaya 374, Contemporary Hispanic Biography). Marriage provided Anaya with a stable base for which to write; although, two miscarriages were the most difficult experiences of his married life. Through this stable base Bless me, Ultima was born. He would teach by the day, and he would come home at night to write. Anaya 376) Anaya says that his inspiration for Bless Me, Ultima came when he had a vision of an elderly woman dressed in black standing in his room, and it was this vision that inspired him to start writing the novel (Contemporary Hispanic Biography). In Anaya’s words, â€Å"One light was on, a desk light near the typewriter, I heard a noise and turned to see the old woman dressed in black enter th e room† (Anaya, 377). Bless me, Ultima tells the story of Antonio Juan Marez y Luna, a six-year old boy growing up in rural New Mexico during World War II. Antonio is befriended by Ultima, a kindly curandera, or healer, who has come to stay with Antonio’s family. Antonio discovers the mysteries of the plains surrounding him and learns how to use its plants for medicinal purposes. Ultima later cures curses placed on Antonio’s uncle by a family of witches. Much of the drama or conflict in the novel developed because of this. (Contemporary Hispanic Biography). This story relates in many ways to Anaya’s own history. Antonio, in the novel, is pulled between his father’s wandering life as a vaquero and his mother’s harmonic, grounded existence with the earth itself. He questions the validity of his Catholic faith that seems helpless against pain and suffering while Ultima’s magic heals. He discovers the golden carp in the river, which as told in local folklore, is a god. The idea that the carp may share divinity with God, to Antonio, feels like a betrayal of his mother’s faith. However, this is a question that he cannot help but to ask (Anaya; Bless Me, Ultima, Contemporary Hispanic Biography). â€Å"In my first novel, Bless Me, Ultima, I used the people and the environment of my childhood as elements of the story. Like my protagonist, Antonio, my first language was Spanish. I was shaped by the traditions and culture of the free-wheeling cow punchers and sheep herders of the llano, a lifestyle my father knew well, and was also initiated into the deeply religious, Catholic settled life of the farmers of Puerto de Luna, my mother's side of the family. â€Å"(Anaya 380) Anaya eventually was published by Berkeley. Although the path to getting published wasn’t easy, â€Å"I approached dozens of publishers, the result was always the same. I collected enough form letter rejections to wallpaper the proverbial room, but I was undaunted† (Anaya 379). Bless Me, Ultima was a huge success. Anaya won the prestigious Premio Quinto Sol Award for the novel. Anaya also received many other prestigious rewards for the novel. Such as, Anaya’s Bless Me, Ultima appeared on the Big Read site. The Big read is an initiative of the National Endowment for the Arts designed to revitalize the role of literary reading in American popular culture. There are 30 books selected every year for this site. Anaya’s Bless Me, Ultima was also chosen as one of the literary works to appear in the 2009 American Academic decathlon. The New York Times stated that the novel was, â€Å"probably the best-known and most respected contemporary Latino Fiction†, and the San Francisco Chronicle said Bless Me, Ultima was a, â€Å"poignant†¦ an important book that deserves to be hailed as a classic† (Bless Me Ultima to be flimed in New Mexico reports Gov. Bill Richardson, 3) A Bless Me, Ultima sculpture was even made at the north entrance to Park Lake off Historic Route 66 in Santa Rosa (Santa Rosa Dedicates ‘Bless Me, Ultima’ Rudolfo Anaya Sculpture Park, 4). A play was also made after Anaya’s Bless Me, Ultima, and has been shown all across New Mexico (Bless Me Ultima – The Play). Also, a movie was made after the novel. The film versions began Shooting in Santa Fe in October 2010 (Bless Me, Ultima' Film Based on Rudolfo Anaya's Novel Will Shoot in N. M. ). The director of the film is Carl Franklin, and the film is staring Bento Marinez, David Rees Snell, and Miriam Colon (Bless Me, Ultima article, 2). Overall, Anaya’s Bless Me, Ultima has sold over 360,000 copies. (Rudolfo Anaya UNM Article, 3) Anaya’s father owned a land grant that stretched for miles along the Rio Grande in Albuquerque’s south valley, and then for miles west into the desert as far as the Rio Puerco. This grant had been passed down from generation to generations. Anaya’s father, as heir to the land grant, received and sold some lots that were part of the grant in the forties; on the other hand, Anaya’s mother, having that peasant Nuevo Mexicano instinct and love for the land, believed the grant was a source of our values (Anaya 382). As Anaya said, â€Å"she believed that someday we would all own a piece of that grant which had been handed down for generations† (Anaya 382). However, the real history of the Spanish and Mexican land grants of New Mexico would prove her wrong. Most of the big land grants were stolen away from the true inheritors. Anaya says that is was these themes that lead him to create his second novel. The main character is Clemete Chavez, a farmer who loses his land at the start of the narrative and is forced to move into barrio in Albuquerque. While in the city, Chavez, and his family, they watch helplessly as their teenage children lose themselves in drugs violence, and sex. Chavez undertakes a soul-searching quest for an identity and a role for himself. As an attempt to provide a fictive analogue to the Chicano consciousness-raising efforts of the 1970s, the book ends with a Chicano march against the oppressive Santa Fe Railroad (Portales 2). Heart of Aztlan, was published in 1976. (Anaya 383) Anaya was invited to serve on the board of the Coordinating council of Literary Magazines (CCLM) in 1974. Their office was in New York. The council held regional workshops around the country twice a year and Anaya used this as a great way to meet different people in the writing community. Many of these friends would remain close friends with Anaya for life. (Anaya 380-385) During these years Anaya was working on Tortuga. Tortuga was the third novel in his series, and it was designed to loosely complete his trilogy (Contemporary Hispanic Biography). Tortuga was his hospital story, and thus he considered it a very difficult novel for him to write; however, many see it as one of his best novels, and it won the Before Columbus American Book award from the Before Columbus foundation for Tortuga in 1980 (Contemporary Hispanic Biography). It was loosely based on his own experience in a hospital, but it quickly became more than that. â€Å"The theme of healing still occupied my thoughts. How do people get well? I looked around and saw that we had created a society that was crushing and mutilating us. People were sick physically and spiritually. How could those people be helped? The hospital I created became an existential hell, symbolizing our own contemporary hell†¦ In Tortuga I took my characters to the depths of despair and human suffering, and they find in their hellish existence the faith they need to survive in the world† (Anaya 385). Anaya began to spend more time writing plays and learning the techniques of drama. Anaya wrote his first play in 1979, the Season of La Llorona, first produced in Albuquerque. The Farolitios of Christmas was produced in Albuquerque in 1987, Matachines was published in 1992, Ay, Compadre! was published in 1994, and Billy the Kid and Who Killed Don Jose was published in 1995. (Rudolfo A(lfonso) Anaya Biography) Anaya began working with and translating some old oral materials which had been collected by folklorist. This renewed his connection to that exciting and magical stream of oral tradition. Cuentos: Tales from the Hispanic Southwest was published in 1980 (Anaya 389, Rudolfo A(lfonso) Anaya Biography). In his free time he was also working on making short stories. Somewhere between writing novels he would squeeze out short stories. In 1982, The Silence of Llano (short stories) was published by Berkeley. The Legend of La Llorona was published in 1984, and was soon followed by Lord of the Dawn: The Legend of Quetzalcoatl. Anaya also wrote poems in his free time, The Adventures of Juan Chicaspatas was published by the Arte Publico Press in 1985. In 1986, A Chicano in China was ublished as a nonfiction account of Anaya’s travels to China. Also, Anaya began to edit numerous publications (Anaya 389). When asked why he became a writer Anaya responds, â€Å"†¦I became a writer in my childhood. That is why that time has been so important to me. The character of my childhood, the family, friends, and neighbors that make up my world, they and their lives fed my imaginat ion† (Anaya 375). In 1995, Anaya published his first murder mystery, Zia Summer; also in 1995, Anaya released his book Albuquerque, a good he considered to be a celebration of the city. Zia Summer was followed by rio Grande Fall in 1996, a continuation of his murder mystery series. In 1999, Anaya introduced Shaman Winter. Finally in 2005, Jemez Spring was introduced. Aside from writing, Anaya was a teacher. Anaya began teaching at junior high schools first, then at High schools throughout Albuquerque (Anaya 370). His first teaching position was in a small New Mexican town. Anaya, then, began to work as a public school teacher in Albuquerque from 1963 to 1970. He was appointed the Director of counseling of the University of Albuquerque in 1971. (Rudolfo A. Anaya, article) Then, in 1974, Anaya was offered a position at UNM to teach creative writing (Anaya 380). Anaya worked at UNM from 1974-1993 when he retired. (Rudolfo A. Anaya, article) As Anaya says on the topic of his retirement from UNM, â€Å"I don’t view leaving the University of New Mexico and teaching as retirement. I view it more as the mid-career change, to do a lot of writing and other things, like reading. I want to do more essays. So I think it’s just a shift of energy into new areas† (Anaya, Dick, Sirias, 153). Anaya has received many awards and honors throughout his career. He was awarded the prestigious Premio Quinto Sol literary award for Bless Me, Ultima in 1970 (Anaya, 363). Anaya has been awarded the New Mexico Governor’s Public Service Award twice, in 1978 and in 1980. The Before Columbus Book award was rewarded to him for Tortuga in 1980. (Contemporary Hispanic Biography) In 1982, Anaya received the Corporation for Public Broadcasting script development award for Rosa Linda (Biography of Rudolfo Anaya (1937-). He received the Award for Achievement in Chicano Literature from the Hispanic Caucus of Teachers of English in 1983. In a Salute to American Poets and Writers, Anaya was invited by President Jimmy Carter to read at the White House (Gonzales, 1). The PEN-West Fiction Award was awarded to Anaya in 1992 for Albuquerque (Biography of Rudolfo Anaya (1937). In 2002, Anaya was awarded the National Medal of Arts by President George Bush. He was one of the eight Americans receiving the award at Constitution Hall. Anaya received the award for his contribution to American literature that has brought recognition to the traditions of the Chicano people. Gonzales, 2) In 2003, Anaya was awarded the Outstanding Latino/a Cultural Award in Literary Arts or Publications (Biography of Rudolfo Anaya (1937). Since Anaya’s retirement from the UNM English department in 1993, he has dedicated his life to traveling, writing, and reading. He currently lives in Albuquerque with his wife, the same state where he was born (Rudolfo Anaya Author of Bless Me, Ultima Article). He has said that he has no desire to leave. Anay a is overall, one of the most successful and one of the most significant figures in the landscape of Chicano literature. Anaya says, â€Å"†As a mestizo, a person born from these two broad streams (or more correctly, from many inheritances), I want to create a synthesis, a worldview† (Rudolfo A(lfonso) Anaya Biography, 2). Anaya lives and breathes the landscape of the Southwest. Anaya sees this as a powerful force, full of magic and myth, and this is apparent in all of his writings. Anaya has moved from one genre to the next, an acclaimed novelist, a poet, a dramatist, an essayist, and anthologist, a playwright, a children’s author, a travel writer, and finally, an editor. His works are standard texts in Chicano studies and literature courses around the world. He has done more than, perhaps, any other person to promote Chicano literature. As Anaya said, â€Å"I fished, scaled the mountains of Taos, hunted with Cruz from the pueblo, finished high school, entered the university, married, and began to travel. I climbed mountains and crossed oceans and deserts in foreign places my old friends back home didn’t know existed. So who is to judge whether an adversity comes to crush us or to reshape us† (Anaya 371).

The structure of the Magazine: Magazine Designing

First I had to do some research which mostly I done by looking at magazines such as ‘HELLO’ ‘OK’ ‘TOP GEAR’ as I was looking through the magazines I was comparing the layouts of the magazines. I also did some internet research looking at what type of articles which would go in a magazine and also what type of font is used in a magazine. My magazine will be aimed at both genders of any age. At first I had chosen to do my magazine on the world’s fastest cars, which was all about cars, and also inform you on drivers from the formula one.After a while I got bored of the Idea of cars. This is because I saw that other people in my class, where coming up with better ideas. So this is when I decided to change my magazine completely and do it on music because I thought this way my magazine could compete with other magazines, because I had added more colour and really stood out among others. Also I made sure that if I wanted it to really stand out; I decided to put popular artists on my front cover, to make sure that it really caught the target audience’s eye.I used the computer to produce my magazine, this is because I thought using the computer would be the best method do design and create magazine because, it has software’s which allow you to insert text and pictures on the same page. Also using the computer allows you to access the internet, where you can do some research and find pictures to use in your magazine. Also the computer has many more option that allows you to play around with things ike your title and improve on it. For my font I decided to use different fonts, because I thought it would be a good Idea to vary the fonts and sizes, to make it stand out more from other magazines.For the colours on my front cover I decided to use, three, a basic dark colour for my background which was grey, then I used blue, lime green, and pink on the grey to make these colours stand out. There a lots of websites w hich I used for my images such as: Google images †¢ Picsearch †¢ Urban ink My marketing will begin in shops and in between music charts breaks, and TV programs such as 106 & Park, as my target audience will have a greater chance of coming across it. The reason for using TV shows such as 106 & Park is because, In my magazine there will be a chance to win a tickets to be able to go on the show. My magazine would be one of the magazines which people will buy. It attracts young people who love music.It will be successful because, it will be featuring different music artists every week and will let you know about your music idols. For example this week it will be featuring Drizzy Drake, Nicki Minaj. I think the most attractive thin about my magazine is that it gives you the chance to win tickets to shows such as 106 & Park, where you will be able to meet these artists which you will be reading about weekly. I personally I would buy this magazine, because I love music and one of my favourite hobbies is to listen to music in my free time.This magazine would benefit being on the shelves one because it’s a music magazine and it’s rare to see music magazines being sold in shops. Secondly it’s because it gives me the chance to meet these artists which I will be reading about. The look of the magazine would definitely attract customers to buy it, the front of the page would attract readers because, I’ve used colours which stand out, and also on the front it has 2 of the most famous artists in the music industry on the front page. By having these artists, this will attract customers more.

Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 61

Discussion - Essay Example Trying to match the racial and ethnic structure of the population may not be the best move as it becomes difficult for people to choose where they need to be assigned (Fried and Fottler 37). Furthermore, the medical schools present need to provide the exact number of anticipated nurses targeted to graduate. This is so as to try and fill the number of spots that retired nurses, physicians, and professionals leave after serving in the health field. This can be done through the training-output estimation program, which may bring focus to the projected number of future nurses in healthcare organizations. Predicting the estimated population may present organizations with a foreseeable number of nurses that may be needed in different areas. Ensuring that organizations are aware of these numbers may provide them with a rough estimate of how many nurses, physicians, and professionals may be needed to cater to the rising population (Fried and Fottler 32). These are some of the ways in which the shortages that are occurring nation-wide can be handled and assist in providing prospective nurses the opportunity to work and prove their worth in the health

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Scenario question - Essay Example Related jurisprudence shall be discussed and analyzed; explications will be given to the end that the instant controversy would have a viable solution for the benefit of both parties and to the members of the global community as a whole. However, before delving into the merits of the case, it is equally essential to determine a fortiori, the competence of the ICJ to take cognizance of the dispute, for the Court can only exercise its adjudicative powers if indeed it has jurisdiction over the parties and over the subject matter. When the court is devoid of jurisdiction, it follows as a matter of law that it has no competence to decide on any controversy brought before it. Hence, any discussion shall firstly focus on the question of jurisdiction. It is well to emphasize that the jurisdiction of the ICJ can only be invoked if the state-parties submit to its jurisdiction or when they have presented their Declaration of Acceptance to the jurisdiction of the Court through the Optional Clause of the Statute of the ICJ.1 That being stated, the assessment of the dispute is in order. State A is a coastal State. That State established a 12-mile territorial sea by national legislation. On 3 October 1990, a commercial vessel flying the flag of State B struck mines in the territorial sea of State A. The explosions caused damage to the vessels and loss of life. Holding that to be the responsibility of State A, the Government of State B commenced negotiations with State A but in vain. Thus, on 25 June 1991, State B submitted the dispute to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) based solely on Article 36 (2) of the Statute of the International Court of Justice. Thereupon the Government of B asked the ICJ to adjudicate to the effect that the Government of State A was internationally responsible for the consequences of the incident and it must make reparation or pay compensation. States A and B are both Parties to the Charter of the United Nations. State A accepted the optional clause of the Statute of the ICJ in 1986 (emphasis supplied). The Declaration of State A reads: 'I declare on behalf of the Government that State A recognizes as compulsory ipso facto and without special agreement, in relation to any other State accepting the same obligation, that is to say, on condition of reciprocity, the jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice in conformity with Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court, for a period of ten years from the date of the deposit of the instrument of ratification.' State B also accepted the optional clause of the Statute of the ICJ in 1987 (emphasis supplied). The Declaration of State B reads: 'I declare on behalf of the Government that I recognize as compulsory ipso facto and without special agreement, in relation to any other State accepting the same obligation, that is on condition of reciprocity, the Jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice, in conformity with Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the said Court, for all disputes which may arise in respect of facts or situations subsequent to the ratification of the present declaration, with the exception of those with regard to which the parties may have

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Transsexual - Research Paper Example Negative, unoptimistic views towards transsexualism and prejudice normally accompany a number of cultural values or religious beliefs. There are traditions, which have no obscurity accepting individuals who switch gender. In fact, they hold them with high standards such as promoting them to leaders of the Two-Spirit individuals found amongst a number of Native American tribal groups (Ekins & King, 2006). The National Center for Transgender Equality estimates that one percent of the United States population is a transsexual population (Garcia & Swaab, 2008). It can be extremely wearisome and scary knowing that someone’s is different, but does not know why. Comprehending the nature of these distinctions can feel both frightening and empowering at the same time. Many transsexuals live in a â€Å"closeted† world hiding from who they are and convincing themselves that their thoughts are provoked by an over-active imagination. Even though, not everyone might support transsexu als, it is vital that they acknowledge and respect who they are, regardless of what others think. Diagnosis Transsexualism can be seen in the two main diagnostic manuals utilized by mental health experts globally, the American Psychiatric Association (APA) and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD). ICD defines transsexualism as an urge to live as a member of the opposite gender and still be acknowledged as a member of that sex, normally accompanied by a feeling of uneasiness with one’s God-given sex. APA does not differentiate between transsexualism and sex identity disorder, and explains transvestic fetishism as a distinct fact, which might co-occur with transsexualism. The APA diagnosis needs four components: An insistence or desire that someone is of the opposite biological sex. Proof of constant discomfort with the person’s biological sex The individual is not intersex Proof of clinically important impairment or distress in social or work life. Process of Diagnosis The recent diagnosis of for transsexuals who offer themselves for mental treatment is gender identity disorder (APA, 2000). This diagnostic label is normally vital to acquire sex reassignment psychotherapy with health insurance coverage. The labeling of gender identity disorders as psychological illness is not an authorization for discrimination such people. It does not also permit for the deprivation of transsexuals’ civil rights. Nevertheless, some individuals diagnosed with the disorder do not wish for sex reassignment therapy at all (Green, 2004). Whereas some consider that formal diagnosis assist in stopping discrimination, others consider that it simply adds stigma, feeling that the diagnosis is equal to claiming something is wrong with transsexuals (Green, 2004). The management of "gender identity disorder" is perceived as an insulting and inappropriate endeavor to some transsexuals, and might be regarded a causal matter in cases of harm occurring to tran ssexuals due to discrimination and prejudice when they are deprived of their own civil rights. A lot of transsexuals have requested the APA to eliminate Gender Identity Disorder from their guide (APA, 2000). These transsexuals feel that some

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On the Economy and Family Crises - Essay Example Focus on the concrete social life proves that actual social institutions are characterized by a crisscross of numerous normative systems. For instance, the Federal Reserve’s response to economic inflation has a wide spread impact on other institutions such as the social institutions i.e. it can affect the process of acquiring mortgages for various households. Political decisions emanating from political institutions affect the salary level of the American workers. The relationships between the stakeholders can be exemplified through focus on central governments and corporations. The decentralized government reduces control of the organizations’ actions that in turn impacts on the welfare of workers. The corporations’ main goal is the generation of profit while the government purposes to improve the welfare of workers. This makes the constitutional requirements and corporate goals to conflict. The regulatory measures on business activities will be bent to the corp oration favor in case they win the conflict. This will have complex negative repercussions on the societal welfare. However, if the government wins the conflict, the society will benefit because the corporations will be forced to adopt measures that favor the public welfare even if they do not promote business. Maintenance of a sustainable system of public assistance and entitlements requires cooperation and participation of all stakeholders to ensure that the individual needs of all stakeholders are satisfactorily addressed. According to the short articles by William P. O'Hare and Paula Mergenhagen for American Demographics, Who are the poor in America and what do they do with their money? Document any departures you make from their assertions. Poverty is a product of the imbalance between income levels and expenditure; with expenditure always superseding the income Spending is compulsory to all people because they have to satisfy their needs. The main characteristic of poor people in America is that they work in low paying jobs. Most poor people in America inhabit rented homes located in insecure and underdeveloped neighborhoods. Most of them are underinsured; making them wait until the health conditions allow them to be liable for insurance consideration for the costly access to medical facilities. Poor people in America belong to three categories; working poor, retired people and students. The working poor spend their income on used cars and clothing. Retired people draw on their savings to meet their living expenses. They spend most of this money in personal care and health care. College students spend their meager income, mostly derived from their parents, on entertainment and clothing. Generally, most poor people spend most of their income on rent and food. Most of the working poor adults in the society have not graduated from school, with the majority of them possessing only a high school degree. Those who receive social assistance in the form of food or financial resources are categorized as poor. Most poor people spend more than they earn because necessity, rather than impulse determines the expenditure level. The minimum wage level households spend less compared to well-off households although they spend higher that the average shares on most products. Devoting large chunks of budget on basic

Response Question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Response Question - Essay Example a writing style which means that Sima Qian wrote as a group. Sima Qian observed the whole picture of the events in China, and wrote it from the standpoint of the group’s view. On the other hand Herodotus wrote it mostly from his view point, adding up details which he thought were necessary for the readers to read. What did the group think of what happened? What did the group think was important to write down? Why did they think it was important? These are questions that we should answer. The most amazing thing about these authors is that they never once met each other in person. Yet, for people who never met each other, never enjoyed each other’s company and never had a cup of coffee or tea over the dinner table together, their recollections and styles are vastly similar. The similarities become eminent to the readers by the different accounts of the writers that they give, and the brilliant ways in which they speak. Herodotus’ brilliant account of politics was f ascinating to me, as was Qian’s ability to go off on random mythical journeys. Many would say this was separate, but it is also identical as both writers could go off onto one stretch of writing style and stay there. Regardless of the similarities that the two writers share their writing styles are vastly different. However the fact remains that Sima Qian and Herodotus are great writers and perhaps some of the best writers in history. Their writing style shall be forever analyzed and young students and emerging writers will always try and strive for their great style. A major difference that the two authors have is the manner in which each writer presents his personal interpretation. As mentioned above Herodotus tends to go off on political tangents while Sima Qian tends to keep the political thoughts to a barely noticeable minimum. However Qian has no problem in exploring the mystical world of China, something Herodotus virtually leaves untouched. Qian wrote from what is kno wn as the group standpoint. He wanted everyone to receive his entire message, to see his whole picture, so to speak. It is a contrast to be sure from Herodotus, who wrote from his standpoint and more about what he thought, and wasn’t as worried about making sure that the entire group got the picture. However this does not means that readers of the text will not find Herodotus’ work compelling. The first thing I noticed about both authors, as I was reading their work, was how stunningly easy the work was to read. Many history books are dry and full of only factual writing. However in my opinion this time the writing from the history book seemed to come to life. Although I liked Herodotus’ approach slightly better because I am more of a political person than a mystical person, yet Qian’s work was also equally engaging. However I did think that Herodotus’ work was more intellectually stimulating perhaps because it had a more historical and more fact-b ased approach. Many books, especially books about this time period in history, are quite boring although I was glad to see that this one was very interesting. I found Herodotus’ work to be more enlightening than Qian’s, perhaps because I was able to relate to the style of writing that he used and it was slightly better than Qian’s. Sometimes it was hard to know who actually wrote what document as the book did not always specifically mention it, thus making an absolute and fair analysis and comparison challenging, to say the least. I personally could not have done all the research and

Environmental Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Environmental Education - Essay Example Is it of any good to our children and adults or rather how is it affecting them both positively and negatively? Why is environmental education lacking? What type of curriculum is needed and why? What are the precautions and strategies that need to be implemented or put in place to ensure that our environment is taken care of? Of what good will it bring to our generation to come? What is the philosophy behind this educational approach? And finally, do ethics play a role in education? These and many more will be featured in our research project. The first question that rings in our mind is the meaning of the word environment. Environment is a very broad terminology that is taken to mean generally the flora and fauna (Trees and animals). Environment entails trees, animals, air, waters, the soil (earth) and even people. It is in the broader sense of the word everything that there is in the Universe that supports life is what we call our environment. Forests for instance contribute to a greater amount of our environment without forgetting the animals. In short therefore, environment is our surroundings. Environmental Education is generally making people aware of the environment. It is the integration of what is learned in class in relation to our environment. Or rather put it this way that environmental education is the incorporation of both the materials acquired in classroom and then apply them to the environment. It is about informing the Citizens about the beauty, the love, the goodness, the friendship, and the values of always ensuring the safety of where we live. It is all about keeping the good relationship between ourselves and the place in which we live; and these can be achieved through ensuring that our environment is always clean. In short, this is a call for the virtue of responsibility. However, let us first look at the current environmental educational system in the USA. The culture here considers every aspect of our

Generals Die in Bed - Plot Essay Example for Free

Generals Die in Bed Plot Essay When he thought war contained glory and glamour, he finds himself wrong when his comrades start to die, beginning with Brown. A while later, he is emotionally affected when he kills a German with his bayonet. His emotional status worsens when another of his friend dies. The narrator then goes on leave for 10 days in England, where a prostitute makes him forget about the war. When he comes back, an attempt to raid the Germans takes place where the rest of his friends, except Broadbent dies. The general tells the new team that the Germans sank a hospital ship, and organizes another raid, this time to kill everyone. The narrator has wounded his foot, and discover that Broadbent was mortally wounded too. Broadbent’s leg is hanging by a string of flesh, but then dies by blood loss. Then the war is over. The recruits are told that the general lied, the Germans didn’t sink a hospital ship. It was a ship filled with weapons. He then realizes war is basically a chess game for the generals, and the soldiers are just young boys, listening to the orders, with meaningless ideals Wikipedia

Coca Cola Bonite Bottlers Moshi

Coca Cola Bonite Bottlers Moshi Bonite Bottling Limited (BBL) is Franchise Company operates under lances of Coca Cola Company in USA it deals with bottles and distributes twelve (12) Coca Cola brands of drinks. A subsidiary of the IPP Group of companies, Bonites main plant is located in Moshi in the Kilimanjaro region of northern Tanzania. BBL also bottles its own brand of bottled water: Kilimanjaro Drinking Water. The company operates in 4 major regions of Northern Tanzania Kilimanjaro, Arusha, Manyara and Singida. BBL has over 450 permanent employees, most of them men with only 18 women. Over 300 of the employees are based at the main plant. BBL also employs casual employees, some of whom are employed for periods of up to 6 months. In the peak season (August to Jan/February), there are approximately 400 casual employees and in the low season the number declines to about 200. COCA COLA BRANDS Varieties of Coca Cola brands produced by BBL company such as Fanta Orange, Fanta Passion, Spaleta Pinute, Spaleta Citrus, Stoney Tangawizi, Coca cola, Light Coke, Sprite, Bitter Lemon, Seven Up, Fanta Black Currant, Kilimanjaro Drinking Water, Crystal, Club soda, Ginger ale, Tonic. BBL REQUIREMENT Strategy Global partners but supplying locally, including local content market Considering BBL as a preferred customers when giving access to innovation. Transparency in terms of cost and strategy Develop Complete system supplier where it adds value. Technical skills / innovation skills. Residential chemist when required Referenced definitions of supplier development (or customer development or SC development) A supplier development should function at establishing suppliers network performance, not browbeating them into charging less or simply auditing and rewarding them. Instead, supplier development is all about on condition that suppliers with what they need to be successful in the supply chain. There some of the most important functions of a supplier development program should be aimed at achieving as following: Lower supply chain total cost A firm might be able to reduce total cost to serve a customer as a result of spending more for faster, dependable transportation because the overall cost of inventory associated with the process may be reduced by an amount greater than that being spent for premium transportation Increased profitability for all supply chain participants Increase the profit is the main objective of supply chain management the firm should focus on how can earn much profit by supply their product in the location / place where there is advantage competition. This will come out when the management will consider distributing the product in the place where it seems that demand are always increase regards to the influenced factors of that area/ place. Therefore when demand of that product having a tendency of grow up, the firm should distribute the products at a large amount to ensure the supply are always mach with demand this will lead to generate and increase profit when the supplier will sell their product at surplus cost compare general cost of the product Increased product quality Increase production quality are normally considered as strong point can support supply development because supply develop it may happen depend on the responsiveness of the consumer behavior, any consumer make consideration on the quality of the product when he/she thinking on buying product. The consumer will always motivated to buy product seems having desirable quality without fear how much expensive cost it is. Therefore for the case of firm to develop supply of their product should consider increasing quality in product or services compare to other competitors in the market. Near-perfect on-time-delivery at each point in the supply chain The presence of the product or services once its needed on time within a market it always make consumer having confidence of utilize that product and after being common to them it became very hard for another product to replace the uses of this product among consumers. The supply development also influenced with the behavior of delivery product/services into the market, Providing information about products, expected sales growth, etc. Presence of communication about product/ services is one of the biggest factor influenced developed of the supply chain network. Lack of information translates into additional costs (usually in the form of just-in-case inventory). Suppliers need to become extensions of their customers. Training in the application of lean and quality tools. Asking suppliers to drop their price without giving them the know-how to lower their costs through lean implementation is not sustainable long-term. In other words, this will drive suppliers out of business, which goes against the purpose of supplier development SUPPLY CHAIN According to John, J.J et al (2009) Efficient and Effective supply chain can free up valuable resources and improve customer fulfillment system so as to increase return on investment or assets and improve shareholder value. The performance of supply chain must be measured in team of overall corporate goal for success. Supply chain need to focus on the customer at the end of the supply chain and be flexible and responsive. Supply chain can be determined with capital consumption since they impact working capital, Inventory level, and other assets such as warehouse The foundations needed for successful development Dignified process for selecting items for supplier integration Supply management should focus on determine the kinds of the services and material used for the implementation and successful of the new product. Supply management should make estimation of the total costs of the materials and services which will help on making right decision either to implement and authorized in the new product develop process. Supply management should also control and monitor all actions that will be involved in the supply market to prepare and fixed cost of the product in the market. Also supply management has responsibility of examine and invite new technology innovation that could help to increase supply development. Use of cross-function team for supplier evaluation and selection Evaluation and selection by using cross-function team to formulate supplier team contribute much on the how supply chain could be developed, supply management has responsibility on evaluate and select a team which could uses to achieving the target objectives. These teams must building by selecting those suppliers who are creative and innovator who can be able to survive on the market. Early supplier selection for both design work and full volume production The early supplier selection helping on formulating team which will be used to eliminate obstacles could being faced supply management by putting effort and consideration in the following: Targets, This will involved in ensure that the supply can achieve on target regarding quality of the product, cost and other performance criteria. Timing, the supplier should be able to deliver their products/ services on time and before deadline. Innovation Technical: The supplier should acquire expertise and physical factor to develop an adequate output and solve the problem when they occur. Supplier membership and participation on the buying companys project team. The membership and association of the supplier members with the buying product companys team should increase availability of efficient of the services agreement between them. Direct cross-function intercompany communication during the project Co-location of buyer and supplier company personnel. Formal business unit trust development efforts Sharing of technology between buyer and supplier companies. The ability of sharing technology between buyer and supplier increase assurance of supply development when the buyer explain to the suppliers how could they being satisfied when the new technology will be involved on making and increase quality on the products. Joint education/training effort between buyer and supplier companies. The training and education about product supplied should be implemented between buyer and suppliers, this well helping on increase supply development when the buyer will be aware of about product quality and improvement which could What it seeks to achieve (its objectives): The Objectives for BBL Company The target of BBL objectives of supply chain is about to maximize the overall value generated. The value a supply chain generates is the difference between what the final product is worth to the customers and the cost of supply chain incurs in fillings the customers request. Supply chain value: difference between what the final products is worth to the customer and the effort the supply chain expends in filling the customers request Value is correlated to supply chain profitability (difference between revenue generated from the customer and the overall cost across the supply chain) To improve technology is the among of the objective for supply chain management of the BBL that should always examined to ensure the goal of attaining profit has implemented To control and promote total quality supply management, this is also objective of the Suppliers chain strategic of BBL, they are focus on arrange and prepare guides which will be suitable for the whole process of controlling supply and ensure the acquire profit. Logistics (just time practice) this is another objective of the BBL supply development to ensure that the material and all items needed for the making product to be available prepare on time. The assurance of availability of material once it needed it will help on making products at on time there therefore it reduce tendency of delay in the market. Another objective is to determined and establishing pricing policy of the products, this will be done after the market researcher make analysis and survey in the all place where targeted for supply process for product, The pricing will involved the general cost for product include the cost for supply and targeted profit which will also totalized and forming product price for the last consumer Sources of supply chain revenue: Source of supply chain revenue is also considered by BBL as objective for supply development. This objective are conducted by the supplier team to ensure they achieved on generate revenue at resulted on implementation of the Sources of supply chain cost: flows of information, products, or funds between stages of the supply chain The reason and driving forces for suppliers (or customer or SC) development actually to take place According to Chopra, S. and Meindl, (2007) The strategic fit requires that a company supply chain achieves the balance between responsiveness and efficiency that best meets the needs of the companys competitive strategy, this involves drivers of supply chain performance. Facilities: physical location in the supply chain network where products is stored, assembly or fabricated. Facilities are categorized into two parts which is production sites and storage sites. Inventory: raw materials, work in process and finished goods within a supply chain Transportation: is the means of moving inventory from point to point in supply chain.. Information: is potentially the biggest driver of supply chain performance because it directly affects each of the other drives. Data and analysis concerning facilities, inventory, transportation, costs, price, and customer throughout the supply chain responsive and more efficient. Pricing: This determines how much a firm will charge for goods and services that it makes available in the supply chain. It affects the behavior of the buyer of the goods or services, thus affects supply chain performance. Sourcing: Is the choice of who will perfume a particular supply chain activity such as production, storage, transportation or the management of information. What supplier (or customer or SC) development actually is in real life. Supply development has been examined by the real life example of the company which used her has case study. The survey has been taken which could help to develop suppliers together with the problems to successes of the suppliers development strategic of the company. The benchmarking survey has been focused on the critical strategic of the supply chain management and procurement. The results of the response rate for the supplier development from BBL include the following indication: Industry product (78%), Service (7%), Consumer non-durable products (13%), capital goods (2%), Consumer durable product (5%) The survey of this indications help to study targets areas after make research and interviews with purchasing executive, quality managers and operation market managers in the BBL company. It help on making comparison of the other competitors of the same products manufacture The different types (or categories) of cross-company improvement initiatives that take place (eg. Manufacturing quality/cost/delivery, process, design, communication, knowledge sharing and learning, infrastructure improvement etc The, Company purchases sweeteners, carbon dioxide, plastic bottles, cans, closures, other containers and other packaging materials as well as equipment for the production, distribution and marketing of soft drinks. Except for sweeteners, cans, carbon dioxide and plastic bottles, the Company purchases its raw materials from multiple suppliers. Cross Company is the situation where by the manufactured company complete the whole procedure of manufacture product by intermediate with other company which supplied the initial materials which will be assembled together and forming products from origin company. Cross company involve the presence of other manufactured products which will combined together from different company and manufacture the product, this working as interlinking between companies where the communication are made and agreement established Who is involved in making it happen? Supplier relationship at BBL happened when involves the different level and types of intellectual persons who will evaluate and control the whole process of supply in order to achieve the targeted result. Any supplier who wishes to be BBL supplier needed to understand and accept BBL core values. Evaluation: BBL evaluates the request application for supplier membership in order to select the potential suppliers who can perform well in their position. Selection: After evaluation complete, source committees decide on the suppliers to be awarded as their requesting The supply chain management for BBL company has categories their distribution process at different levels as indicated from above cycle view, the cycle view of supply chains gives detail on how distribution taking place and the stage where products should passed and reached to consumer The first phase Supplier- manufacture:In this phase the process of procurement has been involved, suppliers are distribute materials and other facilities which are used to produce and manufacture product, Company purchases sweeteners, carbon dioxide, plastic bottles, cans, closures, other containers and other packaging materials as well as equipment for the production, distribution and marketing of soft drinks. Except for sweeteners, cans, carbon dioxide and plastic bottles, the Company purchases its raw materials from multiple suppliers. As describe by Coca-Cola Bottling Co. Consolidated(2006) The Company purchases substantially all of its plastic bottles (20-ounce, half liter, 390 ml and 2 liter sizes) from manufacturing plants which are owned and operated by two cooperatives of Coca-Cola bottlers, including the Company. None of the materials or supplies used by the Company are in short supply, although the supply of specific materials (including plastic bottles, which are formulated using petroleum-based products) could be adversely affected by strikes, weather conditions, governmental controls or national emergency conditions. Second phase, Manufacture-Distributer, After manufactured products by BBL company then it taking by the distribute/ supplier team who are arranged on how to conduct the all process of distributing in the place where having a duties to supply softness drinking, this distributors located and having distribution centre known as depot which is in each region where the company deal with. This involve the process of manufacture cycle where until manufacture process of the products will be completed, then the movement of products to the distributer will follower, the department of supply management take responsibility of known to whom, when and how the distribution will take place just in time without delay for update and motivate supply development. Third phase, Distributer- Retailer: the BBL company also introduces this system of supply where the retailers are invited to working together as agent for BBL company, after agreement between company, they will operate as agent and will be given discount when they buying products which will help them to survive in the market Fourth phase, Retailer Consumer: this is last stage where the products come to the hand of last consumer where BBL company intended to produce and manufacturing product to became consumed by the last consumer and the BBL supply management has read estimate the price where should paying by consumer to generate profit of suppliers. According to Ramsey ( 2001) Unique purchasing activities that are strategically oriented toward accomplishing firms goal, help the firm to sustain its competitive advantage As describe by Carr and Pearson (2002) The purchasing functions capabilities indicate that the activities performed by purchasing as well as the other functional areas, contribute to a firms total capabilities. How is it achieved (e.g. the various approaches that are used) using real life examples where possible. To establishing and maintaining to achieve Supply Development for BBL company considered the different aspect related with supply chain management There various approaches have been used to achieve Supply Development for BBL company the real life examples as also being involved. How its achieved has indicated by three stage where have been involved to make positive result of supply development. These three stages as following: PART 1. ANALYSIS The role of purchasing and supply chain Industrial buying behavior (Decision making in purchasing) Purchasing management process Purchasing and facilities management Buying business services Public procurement Market structure and supply market research PART 2. STRATEGY AND PLANNING Outsourcing and Risk management Purchasing and business strategy Category sourcing: Getting better result from supplier Purchasing, innovation and quality control Purchasing and supply chain management Getting organized for purchasing Purchasing Performance Management PART 3 PRACTISES Supplier assessment and supplier Development Supplies/ Buying for retailer company Purchasing, social responsibilities and ethics The risks, costs and benefits to each party, and if/how they are measured. Risk According to Bowerson, D.J ed al (2010) Risks that have substantial supply chain include: Production Complexity refers to the number of the product design variation that the firm decides to offer and corresponding support. The required activities include all actions related to product development, sourcing, manufacture, delivery, and aftermarket support. Complexity management is the collective set of decisions, supporting process, value systems and initiative pertaining to the most effective product portfolio such as the mix of product variants, features sets, and component choices Benefits for Production Complexity: Better product development Improved product quality and reliability Improved demand/ forecasting/ Customer Services Lower sales support cost/ resource Increased flexibility and reduce lead time Regulatory Supply chain management involve many interactions with external parties such as consumer, supplier, government, and competitors, As a result, supply chain management is increasingly subject to regulation protecting individual, commerce, and the environment. A promotional law may proved financial or tax advantages for completing supply chain activity in a specific country or region. National, regional, and local taxes can impact supply chain design in multiple ways including property, Income and value added taxes (VAT) Resource Availability While global supply chain operations can significantly increase firm opportunities in term of resource availability, technology, and market access, they also substantially increase dependence on critical resources including expertise and transport capability. Significant changes in the availability or cost of these resource can dramatically change supply chain design and operations. The main part considered when discussed on resource availability as following: Supply chain expertise Most important, Supply Chain Management professional should have experience in multiple supply chain functions and must be able to lead or direct the design, implementation, and management of cross-functional supply chain solutions Dischinger et al. have suggested that a true supply chain management executive must have skills and capabilities in five areas (1) Functional Skills (2) Technical Skill (3) Leadership Skills (4) Global Management (5) Experience and Credibility Transport capability The result of dramatic fluctuation in fuel and resulting transportation cost is that supply chain must be regularly reassessed to determine what network structure and strategy are best for a firm Outsourcing Another means that firms are using to manage risk is the use of logistics and supply chain outsourcing to third- party logistic (3PL) firms or Logistics intergrators. Security Cost The cost which has been involved in the supply chain of the products including the costs of acquired warehouse, transport, capital for storage. The supply developed will be sustain and continues if the warehouse will be allocated in the place where its targeted as point for develop supply chain network. Where by lease or by building new warehouse but in any way the cost will be involved Transport cost also are the cost which are always involved in the process of the supply development, this cost normally involved in the cost of the product when suppliers or supply management estimate on the price of the products. Benefits 10. What targets and measures are used to justify undertaking the development activity. To produce a large volume of BBL products and develop its internal and external market share through distribution and supply a large and wider range of products. To promote ability of the manufacture PET performs will also need for the presence of strategic for supply chain management this will help to measure and justify the development activities which has been undertaking by the BBL company. The way of communication between suppliers and buyer will also provide in which extent the development activities has been achieved. This may result for the The collection of performance measures, characteristics, and information describing the current supply environment is called the situation analysis. There some of the topics frequently covered during an internal review. The purpose of the internal review is not detailed data collection but rather a diagnostic look at current logistic processes and procedures as well as probe to determine what type of data are available. The market assessment is review of the trend and service demands required by customers. The market assessment objective is to document and formalized customers perceptions and desires with regard to potential changes in the firms supply capabilities. Any lessons learnt or mistake made. There are Common Supply Chain Problems Do BBL Face Regardless of the Economic Situation? The BBL company has been always working on establishing the performance of the supply chain network but there some mistakes has been done which remain has hindrance of achieving some of the objectives. For example, they know that they cant tread water on developing their people, while their competitors maintain focus. They know the time will never be better to address the strategic issues they face: The mistakes which have being involved that should be addressed and finding for solutions are: Too Much Slow-Moving and Obsolete Inventory Companies struggle with stepping up to the problem of disposing of obsolete product in a timely manner. There is always the resistance to reduce price. Unfortunately, this product never gets more valuable. It sits there month after month consuming cash, and incurring inventory holding costs until it is finally scrapped or sold at a steep discount, sometimes literally years afterward. Its a classic case of pay me nowà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.or pay me more later. Supply Chain Considerations Not Part of the Product Design Process When product design engineers develop a new product, they rarely consider inventory, transportation, or warehousing issues. Sometimes small changes in a product configuration  can yield big logistics savings. This applies to retailers as well as manufacturers. Retailers should not ignore the new product development process in their suppliers. No Supply Chain Strategy It is surprising that few firms have a documented supply chain strategy. Such a strategy starts with assessing the future needs of their customers. The strategy development process then determines the new supply chain capabilities the company will need in the future to meet its customers needs. Eventually specific initiatives need to be chartered to deliver these capabilities. Unfortunately most supply chain organizations are so consumed with the daily battles of cutting cost, managing inventory, and delivering good customer service that that they dont plan properly for the future, sometimes with disastrous results. Ineffective Matching of Supply with Demand This problem stems from the classic struggle among functional silos in most companies. On an overly simplistic basis, Sales is driven by revenue generation, while Operations strives to cut cost. Often these goals conflict with each other. Leading firms address this issue by establishing a Sales and Operations Planning process to align the various corporate functions around a plan that matches supply capabilities with demand requirements. Most firms attempt to do this, but most would acknowledge that they still have a long way to go. Physical Network Problems Where should warehouses be placed in this era of incredibly volatile transportation costs? This question is a very prominent topic today. Just a few months ago it seems, transportation cost were being driven up rapidly driven by the cost of fuel, driver shortages and other factors. Now everyone expects that situation to return, but who knows when? Logisticians are confused to say the least; and the old answers dont work anymore. One thing is certain however. All firms should question their physical network configuration under a wide range of future fuel prices. Global Issues and Outsourcing Problems The global arena offers an even more confusing picture. Many firms are re-thinking the mad rush to outsource outside the United States. The long supply lines, incredibly volatile fuel costs, exchange rates, the geopolitical risks have all come home to roust. Yet few firms consider the total cost of an outsourcing decision, and even fewer incorporate the additional risk of a global source in their analysis. Conclusion Since almost all companies face some combination of these seven issues, a rich database of best practices exists that can be transferred across highly diverse industries. It is critical that all firms engage in outreach activities such as forum participation and benchmarking to make sure they understand these best practices. Once they see how other companies address these issues; they need to develop an urgent action plan to implement the essential changes. Supply chain is the frontier of competition. Only by aggressively addressing challenges like those listed above can firms effectively compete in the increasingly intense global environment of the future Future trends in this subject area. Designing Distribution Networks The Role of Distribution in the Supply Chain of the BBLs products Distribution: the steps taken to move and store a product from the manufacture/supplier stage to the customer stage in a supply chain. Distribution done by BBLs product conducted in two different ways, first way by one to one door and secondly by distributers directly affects cost and the customer experience and therefore drives profitability Choice of distribution network can achieve supply chain objectives from low cost to high responsiveness Factors Influencing Distribution Network Design Design Options for a Distribution Network BBL manage the warehouse depots as distributer centre for their products at Arusha, Kilimanjaro Singida and Manyara the plant warehouse currently has total of 150,000 tons The following is the estimation of BBL distribution cost for 2011 Region Quantity demand (Create) Transportation cost per create Tsh Kilimanjaro 470,000 200 Arusha 600,000 300 Manyara 450,000 350 Singida 500,000 350 The cost of a warehousing solution is a function of or the total cost of transport cost, holding (inventory) cost, and warehousing (leasing) cost. For this year 2011 , the constraint from the 4 regions is given as (470,000, 600,000, 450,000, 500,000). Thus, the total demand is 2,120,000 creates which is less than the 2,000,000 time limit of one small warehouse. For one warehouse the lease expense is 500,000; the total inventory expense is =70,110,125. The Transport expense for the year 2011 is calculated as follows: (320,000*200+200,000*300+160,000*350+220,000*350) = Total distribution costs are 505,000+710,125+4432500-4275000=1372625. According to Cousins, P en al (2008) supplier Collaboration module will help to ensure that future supplier capacity requirement will be in place to meet future demand requirement for new products and services. In effect, this linked system would enable a single view of the entire supply chain. Managers could analyses the factors and the supply chain simultaneously and synchronize demand and supply. Distribution centre would act as a s

History and Methods of Chemical Warfare

History and Methods of Chemical Warfare Cori Haws In this report I intend to investigate from the perspective of a chemist the history and development of chemical weapons systems focusing primarily on their development, and the usage throughout the 20th century to present day and the means to which they act. As a starting point it is important to clarify what is meant by a chemical weapon or CW. The Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons defines a chemical weapon as a toxic chemical compound or its precursor which can cause death, injury, temporary incapacitation or sensory irritation through its chemical reaction. Delivery devices designed for the delivery of chemical agents, filled or unfilled, are also considered as such. For the purpose of this report I will be focusing on the chemical agents themselves opposed to the systems used to deliver such agents. Chemical warfare generally involves the use of the known toxic properties of chemical substances in the intent cause damage to life. This is distinct from conventional warfare, most of which requires the ‘self-destructive’ properties of particular chemical reactions (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene with Oxygen), and different from Nuclear, Radiological and Biological weapons such as Hydrogen bombs, Atom bombs and weaponised Anthrax in the method of action. There are many classifications for Chemical Weapons and are defined by the way of which they in fact act on an organism. These sub-categories include; choking agents, impede a victims breathing; blister agents, irritate and poison tissue; blood agents, inhibit the ability to transfer and utilise oxygen; nerve agents, inhibits nervous system operation, and riot control agents, short term lasting low risk to life agents. It is important to mention that while some substances are inherently toxic not all are considered chemical weapons. For example raw materials, substances for medicine, herbicides and insecticides all are able to cause significant harm to life but under controlled and regulated conditions are not significantly dangerous to be classified as chemical weapons. Brief History of Chemical Weapons While chemicals have been used for warfare for a considerable amount of time, albeit in highly primitive and at the time for yet unexplained reasons. (I.e Poison arrows, molten tar and arsenic smoke), most of the use of chemical weapons in modern history is limited to World War I where Chlorine and phosgene gasses were released in large qualities during trench warfare. Notably the first use was 22nd April 1915 on the town of Ypres in Belgium, overseen by Fritz Haber, the chemist who developed the process for production of ammonia. This attack resulted in the death of 5,000. During the war several different types of chemical weapons were developed primarily by German scientists, probably the most well-known being mustard gas and derivatives. Throughout the course of the First World War it is estimated that over 90,000 were fatally wounded by chemical weapons for a total of over a million injuries by use of approximately 124,000 tons of chemical agent. The idea of the danger posed by c hemical weapons as demonstrated by the Great War was influential in the coming years as although most countries felt reluctant in developing them the fear of even deadlier weapons being used in future conflicts. Although Chemical weapons were not used during World War II, it is know that both axis and allied powers possessed chemical weapons for use in retaliation. During the Cold War, both the United States and the Soviet Union developed and maintained large stockpiles of chemical weapons in fear of use. Statistics show that at the time both superpowers possessed enough chemical agents to destroy most organic life on the planet. It is noted that during the Iraq conflicts that Saddam Hussein used a variety of agents namely Mustard Gas and nerve agents possibly including what is considered the most potent nerve agents ‘VX’, against the Kurds in 1988. This prompted the Geneva Convention to prohibit the production and prompt the destruction of Chemical Weapons Stockpiles. The most recent examples of Chemical Weapons use were the terrorist attacks in Matsumoto, Japan and in Tokyo involving the nerve agent known by its name of Sarin (GB). Sarin was also reportedly used in Syria on the residents of the Ghouta agricultural belt around Damascus on the 21st August 2013 resulting in an estimated 350-1500 deaths. Choking Agents As stated previously the most notable Choking agents which have been used in warfare originate from WWI. Chlorine as we know is a strong oxidant agent due to its high electronegativity. This fundamentally is the reason to which it is dangerous. Being highly reactive means it is likely to react with most other elements to form chloride compounds. The second reason being that in standard conditions it is a gas meaning that containing it is difficult. The preface of which Chlorine gas works as a chemical weapon is by the means of inhalation. The respiratory system itself is highly sensitive tissue surrounded by a mucus membrane. The mucus membrane is a high percentage water. When Chlorine has been inhaled especially in high concentrations it will react with the water of the mucus membrane to form Hydrochloric Acid, which causes serve irritations within the lungs, generally causing secretion of fluid into the lungs eventually resulting in what is called secondary drowning as a result of Pulmonary Edema. In extremely high concentrations even two or three breathes of chlorine gas can be fatal due to serve tissue damage. Though due to Chlorine gases reactivity it can easily be filtered from air using activated carbon which is a form of processed carbon which has pores to increase surface area to around 500m2 per gram. The chlorine will simply react with the carbon before doing any damage to human respiratory tissue. Phosgene, the second Choking agent developed also works by means of reacting with water to form Hydrochloric acid. The reaction was generally slower but unlike Chlorine gas, did not have a distinguishable odour and usually killed it’s victims within 24 hours of inhalation. Mustard/Blistering Agents Blistering agents were developed at around the same time as the previously stated choking agents. Mustard Gas was developed in 1916 for the Imperial German Army and could be synthesised in a variety of ways including reacting Sulphur Dichloride with Ethene (1), reacting Sulphur Monochloride with Ethene (2) or using Thiodiglycol and Chlorinating with Phosphorus Trichloride (3). The third reaction was generally used by the British when creating mustard. It was a cleaner way to produce it as the purity was approximately 96% whereas the second method was fast but was only 70-80% pure and as a result did not keep for long periods as it decomposed, increasing the pressure of the containers it was in meaning it generally leaked. SCl2+ 2 C2H4→ (Cl-CH2CH2)2S 8 S2Cl2+ 16 C2H4→ 8 (Cl-CH2CH2)2S + S8 3 (HO-CH2CH2)2S + 2 PCl3→ 3 (Cl-CH2CH2)2S + 2 P(OH)3 Mustard gas is a blistering agent as it bonds an Alkl group to guanine in DNA, damaging the DNA and preventing cellular division and results in cell death or development of cancer. Due to this method of acting upon a subject it was rare for a victim to suffer immediate symptoms as the damage would not be evident until the effected cells die and fail to regenerate. As Mustard gas is not very soluble in water but is highly soluble in fats resulting in rapid absorption through skin tissue. After 24 hours skin irritation would occur then large blisters would form anywhere the mustard agent came into contact with the skin resulting in chemical burns. At the time of WWI serve mustard burns where 50% of the body was burned were often fatal. A victims eyes would also become greatly effected becoming sore and swelling causing blindness. At high concentrations blistering of the respiratory system would result in internal bleeding leading to pulmonary edema much like choking agents. While many people during have been killed by the use of Mustard gas and its derivatives, it also had done the world a large amount of good as it was discovered from autopsies of mustard gas victims that there was reduced white blood cell count and after further research Nitrogen Mustard was eventually used as the first chemotherapy drug to treat diseases related to the white blood cells such as lymphoma and leukaemia. Cyanide and Blood Agents The most well-known blood agent is Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN). HCN is produced on an industrial scale as it is a vital precursor to many useful chemicals in pharmaceuticals as well as in polymers. Cyanide ions are responsible for the effects of poisoning due to the fact cyanide ions interact with the mitochondrial enzyme cytochrome c oxidase by binding to it and reducing its effectiveness effectively halting cellular respiration. As a result the cells of an organism become unable to use the oxygen in the blood generally leading to hypoxia.

Chap.7 State Of The World :: essays research papers

Critical Analysis on Chapter 7, State of the World 1999 Feeding Nine Billion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   While reading chapter 7 of State of the World I was very interested in the changing course because it made me think about the things that our world can do that can drastically benefit the future of our agricultural production and food prospect. We must be able to solve the two major food issues currently facing our world, which are malnutrition and price stability. All governments need to establish a population policy so that their country does not exceed the limitations of its carrying capacity. It is important that we can produce enough food for our country, which is estimated to increase by 74 million in the next fifty years. A quote from the book, â€Å"The worst mistake political leaders can make entering the new millennium is to underestimate the dimensions of the food challenge†. I certainly agree with this because most of the future food growth in the world is going to be croplands and we need to understand that we are going to need to be able to produce as much crop as possible for the land. I also agree with the fact that the governments that are experiencing rapid population growth must figure out their future population carrying capacity by calculating how much land is available for crops and how much water is available for irrigation. It is estimated that 3.3 billion more people will be living on this world in the first half of the next century and unfortunately many of those people will be born into already over populated countries. For example, India with some of the highest poverty rates in the world will have an additional 600 million people inhabiting the country by the year 2050. It was interesting to learn that educating young females would be a good way to control future population growth because â€Å"the more education that women have, the fewer children that women have†. Another way to ensure food supply in the future according to the book is to eat food in moderation to keeping a healthy diet, which helps conserve food, and at the same time keeps you healthy. I definitely do not agree with this approach because even though it would work with everyone’s cooperation, you are not going to get everyone’s cooperation because there are still all those people who love to eat and they don’t care if they are overweight or obese. Chap.7 State Of The World :: essays research papers Critical Analysis on Chapter 7, State of the World 1999 Feeding Nine Billion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   While reading chapter 7 of State of the World I was very interested in the changing course because it made me think about the things that our world can do that can drastically benefit the future of our agricultural production and food prospect. We must be able to solve the two major food issues currently facing our world, which are malnutrition and price stability. All governments need to establish a population policy so that their country does not exceed the limitations of its carrying capacity. It is important that we can produce enough food for our country, which is estimated to increase by 74 million in the next fifty years. A quote from the book, â€Å"The worst mistake political leaders can make entering the new millennium is to underestimate the dimensions of the food challenge†. I certainly agree with this because most of the future food growth in the world is going to be croplands and we need to understand that we are going to need to be able to produce as much crop as possible for the land. I also agree with the fact that the governments that are experiencing rapid population growth must figure out their future population carrying capacity by calculating how much land is available for crops and how much water is available for irrigation. It is estimated that 3.3 billion more people will be living on this world in the first half of the next century and unfortunately many of those people will be born into already over populated countries. For example, India with some of the highest poverty rates in the world will have an additional 600 million people inhabiting the country by the year 2050. It was interesting to learn that educating young females would be a good way to control future population growth because â€Å"the more education that women have, the fewer children that women have†. Another way to ensure food supply in the future according to the book is to eat food in moderation to keeping a healthy diet, which helps conserve food, and at the same time keeps you healthy. I definitely do not agree with this approach because even though it would work with everyone’s cooperation, you are not going to get everyone’s cooperation because there are still all those people who love to eat and they don’t care if they are overweight or obese.

Olestra :: essays research papers

Olestra Technically speaking, it was to be the something that was supposedly going to change the world. Stock analysts even proclaimed it as being the "single most important discovery in the history of the food industry", and would generate over a billion dollars annually in sales becomming Procter and Gambles, the creators, best selling product. What is not to like about a product which replaces the fat content in previosly named junk food such as potato chips? Apparently quite a bit. Olestra was first invented in 1968 as a way of increasing an infants intake of fat. This is when they stumbled upon a special chemcial which was actually the hexa, hepta, and octa-esters of fatty acid of sucrose. These molecules are so big and fatty, that the body cannot be metabolized by the body by enzymes and bacteria in the intestine, and as a result is not digested or absorbed. Instead of increasing fat intake, this chemical replaced it. Almost 30 years later, Olestra was finally given approval by the FDA to be used in food, however, with the condition of a warning label indicating the product can induse upset stomach and loose stools, as well as inhibiting the absorbtion of vitamins A, D, E and K. For a product that was supposed to be perfect, what happened? Studies conducted prior, first with mice, had somewhat alarming results which indicated that in addition to the first two problems stated, Olestra can cause cancer. The reason for this is that the product interferes with the bodies natural absorbtion of carotenoids which are found in fruits in vegetables, which help the body fight against cancer. Studies in humans showed that people who consumed 2 grams of Olestra per day had 15% lower level of carotenoids in their body than those who didnt eat them. A regular sized bag of chips made with Olestra however, contain over 15 grams. Further studies showen that when given Olestra doses every day included in every meal , levels dropped over 60%. Once Olestra hit the market, the FDA recieved more than 1000 reports of the food causing adverse reactions, yet Procter and Gamble still maintain the product is harmless. To perhaps nobodies surprise, "fake-fat" containing products recieved initial high sales, but quickly plummeted due to both the media and word of mouth on its affects, as well as the warning label and relative high price.