Freire s Theory Of The Oppressed And The Oppressor...

As society continues to evolve people maintain their quest to accept full humanity, in this process individuals question not only who their authentic self is, but what is keeping them from accepting that version of themselves. A question which Freire addresses in his Pedagogy of the Oppressed as he emphasizes how liberation transcends time, and atmosphere. Instead he chooses to illustrate a process which is embodied by acceptance of the oppressor, activism, fellowship, solidarity, and reflection, it is these components that create the means for a successful path to liberation, while simultaneously allowing for the identification of personal and societal growth (Paulo Freire, Pedagogy of the Oppressed). Brooks, Collins, and Kidd’s novels†¦show more content†¦For instance Katniss is attacked by tracker jackers and states â€Å"This is the nature of the tracker jacker venom, so carefully created to target the place fear lives in your brain,† in using self reflecti on and education Katniss is able to identify this form of oppression and use that knowledge to not let it break her, but to combat it (Collins 195). Finally in Brooks Year Of Wonders Anna continues to learn about nature of religion as the novel progresses. As she realizes how it has been unsuccessful in ending the Plague she beings to reflect on the role of religion in her life stating â€Å"His wife had been hacked down in front of him. My olive shoots had been blighted. Why?† it is a combination of education and reflection that causes her to realize that religion is indeed her oppressor which prompts her to take action and leave her pious life in an attempt to finally be liberated (Brooks 269). â€Å"What do these characters plights illustrate?† They not only condone Freire’s ideas but emphasize how in society is in incredulously important that people take the time to continue their quest for knowledge and use self reflection as a tool to understand what is ho lding one back from accepting full humanity. Freire’s ideas continue to be reflected in the plights of the main characters as he examines the value of solidarity and fellowship in combatting oppression. He also puts emphasis on the fact that one cannot be

Gender Inequality And The Women Of Latin American...

The relationship between the gender roles reflected in telenovelas and the the role of women in Latin American countries is a matter of parallelism. This is because as Judith Butler, the author of the book Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity, emphasized that it is â€Å"impossible to separate out ‘gender’ from the political and cultural intersections in which it is invariably produced and maintained†. Gender is undeniably socially constructed, and is a product of the values deemed important by that society being constantly reenacted and reinforced. In that sense, telenovelas are also another medium through which beliefs in gender can be relayed to the audience, forming what is called the â€Å"imaginable domain of gender† as they either perpetuate or go against ideal hegemony (Beard 2003). Contrary to traditional telenovelas where the heroine is dependent on the male lead to fix all her problems, recent telenovelas contain strong female leads that break free from the banality of the typical one-dimensional characters of femininity and are not afraid to fight against the malicious schemes and ploys of the antagonists. Through multifarious ways, female gender roles in Latin American countries have gradually begun to improve over time. These slight improvements have manifested through women’s increasing involvement in politics and presence in the labor force due to immigration, globalization, and global media. Women in Latin American countries have becomeShow MoreRelatedGender Inequality During Latin American Countries1373 Words   |  6 Pages How has gender inequality affected women in Latin American countries? 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Gender inequality is one of the factors that may lower a country’s human development index, because the inequality creates implications on theRead MoreGender Inequality Essay1153 Words   |  5 Pagesresearchers, we get to know more and more on the issue of gender inequality in different areas of our society. However, although significant progress has been made during the twentieth century, in an attempt to equalize the rights of women and men, they still do not seem to be met daily. Having a job is considered important for men and women, although the centrality of work is organized completely differently by gender. This form of inequality persists in all areas such as: participation in decisionRead MoreWaves of Feminisms in Relation to the Female Characters of the House of the Spirits1589 Words   |  7 Pagesthe relations of power between people, men over women, and the relations of power expressed in the different realms of life† (Shayne, 2 007). Isabel Allende’s The House of the Spirits was strongly influenced by the three waves of Feminism. Allende’s focus throughout the novel was to diminish the gender inequality between men and women. Through her female characters Clara, Blanca, and Alba, Allende showcases the gradual rise of women in Latin American society. She incorporates political and societalRead MoreAmerica, Mexico, The Caribbean, And South America Make Up Latin America Essay1070 Words   |  5 PagesSouth America make up Latin America. Approximately 640 million people reside in this region. Latin America is the largest foreign supplier of oil to the United States. It is the United States’ fastest growing trading partner, as well as its biggest supplier of illegal drugs. Latin America is also the largest source of U.S immigrants, both documented and not. The life expectancy for females is 72 years of age and the life expectancy for males is 79 years of age in Latin American. Just about 35 millionRead MoreHistory Of Latin American Underdevelopment By J. Samuel Valenzuela And Arturo Valenzuela908 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Modernization and Dependency: Alternative Perspectives in the Study of Latin American Underdevelopment† by J. Samuel Valenzuela and Arturo Valenzuela broadly compares and analyzes modernization and the dependency approach (1978, p.536) within the context of underdevelopment in Latin America. Valenzuela and Valenzuela first begin by discussing the modernization perspective, its assumptions and how this perspective relates to Latin America underdevelopment (1978, p.537). Valenzuela and Valenzuela determinedRead MoreEssay On Women In National Parliaments712 Words   |  3 Pages Women in National Parliaments Worldwide There are many indicators one could choose to measure gender inequality. That being said, one of the most efficient would be to the amount of national parliament seats held by women worldwide. 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The issue of racism developed since colonial times, where people of darker skin were the ones who have been oppressed by people of lighter skinRead MoreThe Butterflies, By Latin American Women And Maria, Full Of Grace1128 Words   |  5 PagesButterflies, all written by Latin American women and Maria, Full of Grace directed Joshua Marston, the women struggle with survival in various circumstances of abuse.Violence is created within patriarchal societies that sponsor inactiveness and reliance. Customary religious sophistication, where the Virgin Mary mentors, is unsure and slanted, discouraging sex and depreciatingwomen who boycott the recognized standards. Patriarchal pugnaciousness has grave psychological results for women. Nerve-wrecking conditionsRead MoreCosta Ric A Model Democracy For Other Latin American Countries1161 Words   |  5 Pagesprotect women in Costa Rica. In fact, Costa Rica has been often used as a model democracy for other Latin American countries. However, Costa Rica has had trouble addressing the persistent gender inequality in employme nt, which limits the growth for women. The Gender Inequality Index (GII) value for Costa Rica is 0.344, which ranks it 63rd out of 149 countries in the 2013 (Human Development Reports, Table 4, 2014). In contrast, we observed that both Panama and Uruguay, which are both Latin American

International Business Marketing

Question: A skillful global manager cannot develop a suitable strategi plan or consider an investment abroad wothitu first assessing the environment- political,economic, legal and technological- in which country operate. using country specific examples, discuss the above quote. Answer: The global managers are required to conduct a Political, Legal, Economic and Technological analysis of the environment for developing strategies and investment plan for international business. Political, Legal, Economic and Technological analysis is an effective tool used by managers to evaluate the external environment as the business operates at the global level. By combining the results of Political, Legal, Economic and Technological analysis with the SWOT analysis, a manager is well equipped with the required information to develop effective strategies for the benefit of the organization (Ario, 2011). Generally, analysis of these factors by the global manager is required when the company is planning to enter into new foreign markets or launching a new product or service. These external factors are evaluated because it either directly or indirectly will have an impact on the functioning of the company. Since these factors cannot be controlled by the organization, it is important for the managers to asses these factors to identify any risk that might be present and devise strategy to mitigate the risk (Aslam Azhar, 2013). This Political, Legal, Economic and Technologica l analysis helps the firm to prepare for any uncertainty. Now each of the factors will be explained with the help of examples below. Political Environment: A manager must be updated with any kind of change in any policy which can affect the normal functioning of the business even in a stable environment. There might be any change or updates in the consumer protection law, employment laws, environmental and taxation rules and regulations, any changes in the health and safety requirements or any trade reforms in the foreign land or in the domestic business environment (Cuervo-Cazurra, 2011). For exampleThus, when a company plans to invest in any of the emerging economies, it is perceived that these investment is highly welcomed by the local government of the emerging markets, but the bureaucratic governance system in these economies might not allow the foreign business to reach its optimum level of profitability. Another major legal factor that must be of concern of the global manager is the attitude of the country towards the foreign investment. This can be understood with the help of an example of the Korean government (Czinkota Ronkainen, 2011). This has opened opportunities for MNCs to take location advantage and reduce its operational costs. This campaign will benefit both. Legal Environment: Legal environment is one factor that will have a direct impact on the functioning of a global business. The rules and regulation of the host country will shape the policies of the organization (Czinkota Ronkainen, 2013). For example, the safety standards, consumer laws and other regulation for environment protection will force the multinational company to change and incorporate these standards of the host country into its policy to comply with them. In Russia, the legal requirements to conduct business is very difficult and tricky, therefore, multinationals are required to hire Russian lawyers in order to ensure that they comply with all the regulations. It has both positive and negative impact. Another risky factor of investing in emerging economies is that these economies is characterized by lack of transparent system and weaker intellectual property protection and high level of corruption at all level of governance. The problem of counterfeiting is very high in India and China and the IPR laws are weak. This discourages the MNCs to invest in such countries. The extent to which (Ghosal, 2013). Economic Environment: Economic factors addresses a number of concerns such as tax rates, interest rates, rate of inflation, trading regulations, fluctuating exchange rates, excise duties etc. To increase the operational efficiency of the global business a manager must take into account the level of unemployment, skill level of the employees, working patterns and availability of the expertise in the host country to be able to comply with these regulations (Husted, 2013). For example, when the inflation rate in India rise then the effect was reflected by the decline in demand for luxury products and foreign goods. Also whenever the inflation rate of any country rises then the purchasing power of the general public reduces which also results in the reduced demand thereby affecting the sales of the global brand. Another example can be of fluctuating exchange rates. When there is instability in the political environment there is huge fluctuation in the exchange rates. Therefore, when the exchange rate make a slight negative move the multinational company may make huge losses when it is converted in the home country currency and vice versa. Thus, if there is risk then there is gain too. Variation in the exchange rate also influences the costs and supply of exported goods and pricing of the imported goods in the country (Kono Antonucci, 2006). The economic stability will also determine whether the government of the host country will have a positive or negative attitude towards the foreign direct investment. A good example would be, many (Koza, Tallman Ataay, 2011). Before investing in other country a global manager is require to collect ample amount of information about the clear economic indicators such as the Gross National Product and Gross Domestic Product of such economies which are easily available these days given the technological advancements. This analysis will help the global manager to devise entry strategy into new markets. Technological Environment: It is highly crucial for the organizations to keep updated with all the latest technology as it may affect the growth of the business. For example, the entertainment industry has shifted online completely. Now consumers dont buy CDs or DVDs to watch their favorite movie or series, instead all the content is streamed online across the globe. Thus, this shift in technology has completely changed the face of the entertainment industry (Loots, 2002). Thus the global manager must be aware of the latest technological development and analyze how these developments will affect the functioning of the business. Advancements in technology can affect two basic area of operation of the company, namely, infrastructure and manufacturing. The global manager needs to utilize these opportunity to gain competitive advantage in the host as well as in the home country. With the help of technological advancements, the manager can automate the manufacturing process and can also deploy effective communication model to enhance the flow of information both within and outside the organization. (Qiu Fan, 2013). The global manager can also decide to outsource the operation to the third party if he assess that the cost of acquiring the new technology in the host country will be highly expensive. For example one the market leader in the mobile industry, This example clearly reflects how advancements in technologies can change the demand and needs of the consumers and how crucial it is for the companies to adapt to such changes quickly in order to thrive in the international markets (Westney, 2011). If the company lags behind in adapting to such technological changes they might face huge loss. Thus it is vital for the global manager to continuously monitor the environment and look for any updates that are available and devise a strategy to capitalize on such opportunities. Thus it can be said, that a global manager needs to analyze the technological, political, legal and economic factors properly to be able to devise an effective strategy to capitalize on the opportunities and mitigate the potential risk in the environment to be able to successfully thrive in international business in the long run. Reference List Ario, A. (2011). Building the global enterprise: Strategic assembly.Global Strategy Journal,1(1-2), 47-49. doi:10.1002/gsj.10 Aslam, M., Azhar, S. (2013). Globalisation and development: challenges for developing countries.IJEPEE,6(2), 158. doi:10.1504/ijepee.2013.055795 Cuervo-Cazurra, A. (2011). Global strategy and global business environment: the direct and indirect influences of the home country on a firm's global strategy.Global Strategy Journal,1(3-4), 382-386. doi:10.1002/gsj.35 Czinkota, M., Ronkainen, I. (2011).Global business. New York: Routledge. Czinkota, M., Ronkainen, I. (2013).International marketing. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Ghosal, V. (2013). Business Strategy and Firm Reorganization: Role of Changing Environmental Standards, Sustainable Business Initiatives and Global Market Conditions.Bus. Strat. Env.,24(2), 123-144. doi:10.1002/bse.1815 Husted, B. (2013). Global Environmental and Social Strategy.Global Strategy Journal,3(2), 195-197. doi:10.1111/j.2042-5805.2013.01057.x Kono, K., Antonucci, D. (2006). Sustainability of Cross-Functional Teams for Marketing Strategy Development and Implementation.The Health Care Manager,25(3), 267-276. doi:10.1097/00126450-200607000-00012 Koza, M., Tallman, S., Ataay, A. (2011). The strategic assembly of global firms: A microstructural analysis of local learning and global adaptation.Global Strategy Journal,1(1-2), 27-46. doi:10.1002/gsj.4 Loots, E. (2002). Globalisation: A ranking of South Africa and other emerging market economies.South African Journal Of International Affairs,9(1), 45-55. doi:10.1080/10220460209545376 Qiu, Y., Fan, Y. (2013). Rethinking Global Innovation Strategy: Emerging Market Perspectives.BMR,2(3). doi:10.5430/bmr.v2n3p33 Westney, D. (2011). Global strategy and global business environment: changing models of the global business environment.Global Strategy Journal,1(3-4), 377-381. doi:10.1002/gsj.34

My New York Experience Essay Example For Students

My New York Experience Essay It was in 2006 when I came to New York for the first time. The plane was landing at JFK airport and the view I saw from the window amazed me. It was after sunset and all of New York was shining like the lights on a Christmas tree. That day I decided to be a part of New York, as Frank Sinatra said. I moved to New York in 2010 and it has been five years since I came to Big Apple. Even though living in New York is not easy and there are many difficulties, I have had more good experiences than bad ones. On the one hand, it was so difficult at the beginning to adjust the city. Because deciding to live in a new place much more different and difficult than just visiting there for short time. Immediately, I had to find a place to stay and a job to afford all living expenses. I stayed with my cousin for couple of days than a friend of mine who I know him from Turkey said that I could move to his place. I stayed at his place just for three months because he gave me living room and it was always very noisy and I did not have any privacy. Until I found a good place, I had to change couple of more places. Another primary thing was finding a job. Even though I had a long working experience in back home, it was so difficult to found job especially an immigrant and no experience about the city. My first job in New York was a server position at a Turkish restaurant. With long experience and worked at different positions, it was not easy to accept working as a server. However, I had to work and I did not have another option. Nevertheless, beside these problems most difficult problem was adjusting the language and the culture. I worked at tourism industry for long time and I thought my English is good enough until started to live in New York. But first couple of months I even had problem when buying a coffee at Starbucks. For instance, I didn’t hear the terms and kinds of coffee that they use when I am buying a coffee. I still have problem with cultural differences. The culture which I was born and grew up is completely different. In the culture where I came from, people are share and help each other, friendship is very important and friend do anything for friend, we know all our neighborhoods who are they and what they do and even neighbors know about us. But in New York, people are very far each other and every person is only a stranger and nobody trust to anybody. All these problems made very difficult to get used to living in New York. On the other hand, there are lot of good things that New York gave me as well. Four and half years ago, I met my wife through a common friend and we decided to get married just few months later. After we got married, we have moved to our current apartment and lately we have been looking for to buy our first home. Moreover, the best thing happened in my entire life almost two years ago, I became a father. My wife gave me the best gift, our son. This is a kind of feeling that nothing else can give same feeling again ever. In addition, I finally got a very good job after all suffering and struggling. I am very thankful to God for gave me all these beauties and hopefully they could last forever. Overall, New York is one of the most expensive and difficult city to live but in same time gives a lot of opportunity. I also suffered a lot at the beginning even now there are many problems I have to handle, but New York taught me a lesson which is we have to know to be happy with whatever we got and even if we get more than what we expected that will make us more happier.

The Red Scare Essay Example For Students

The Red Scare Essay Many people label Edgar Allen Poe a horror writer, plain and simple others refer to Poe as the father of the detective story, but over all hes one Americas greatest writers. His ability of expressing the world in gothic ways, really captures the readers attention. Even though he lead a tough life and was known as a sadistic drug addict and alcoholic, he still managed to produce great pieces of literature. Three of his greatest works were The Tell Tale heart, The Fall of the House Usher, and The Raven. All of these are very known troughout the world and are considered three of Poes greatest pieces. He was born in Boston on January 19, 1809, his parents, regular members of Federal street theater, named him Edgar Poe. Shortly before his mothers death in Richmond, Virginia on December 8, 1811, his father abandoned the family. John Allen, a wealthy tobacco merchant in Richmond, brought Poe into the family (at his wifes request), and gave him the middle name Allen as a baptismal name, thou gh he never formally adopted him. Even though Allens treatment toward Poe is not exactly known, we know that Allen never treated Poe with sensitivity. In 1815, the Allen family moved to England on business. There, Poe entered the Manor-House School in Stoke-Newington, a London suburb.This school taught him the gothic architecture and historical landscape of the region made a deep imprint on his youthful imagination, which would effect his adult writings (Levin, 14). The Allens left England in June 1820, and arrived in Richmond on August 2. Here, Poe entered the English and Classical School of Joseph H. Clarke, a graduate of Trinity College in Dublin. On February 14, 1826, Poe entered the University of Virginia. Though he spent more time gambling and drinking than studying, he won top honors in French and Latin. On May 26, 1827, Poe enlisted in the US Army under the name Edgar A. Perry. He joined Battery H of the 1st Artillery, then stationed at Fort Independence. While Poe served th ere, Calvin F.S. Thomas printed Poes first book, Tamerlane and Other Poems, a slim volume, which failed to earn any fame or money. Poe then visited Baltimore, and arranged for the printing of another slim volume, entitled Al Aaraaf, Tamerlane, and Minor Poems. Then, Allen obtained an appointment for him as a cadet, so on July 1, 1830 he entered West Point Military Academy, making his residence at No. 28 in the South Barracks. Poes military career, however, flopped. After his dismissal, he published a third volume of poetry, this one dedicated to the US Corps of Cadets, for he had taken a subscription from them to raise funds. He then settled in Baltimore with his impoverished aunt, Maria Clemm, her daughter, Virgina Clemm, and his older brother, William Henry Leonard.He tried looking for work as a teacher in Baltimore, but another person got the job and Thomas Willis White hired him as an editor at The Southern Literary Messenger, in which he published short stories, poems, and asco rbic literary reviews. In October, the Clemms joined him, and in May he married his cousin Virginia. The rest of his life, Poe suffered from severe mental depression and declining physical health. In 1838, he published his only novel, The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym. In December, 1839, he lost his job because of the intense rumors of his excessive drinking habits. By late 1846, financial woes and Poes own continuing decline ended the magazine (Levin, 18). In January 1847, his wife died in their cottage at Fordham. This made his poverty and instability worst. He continued to write, and engaged in unsuccessful publishing schemes and romances, until, on October 3, 1849, Joseph W. Walker found him unconscious, (thought to be intoxicated) in the street. Poe remained hospitalized, oscillating between a somatic state and violent delirium, until his death at 5 am on the 7th of 1849. We will write a custom essay on The Red Scare specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page .u2031169395e9bc99e5b582fd1af68e06 , .u2031169395e9bc99e5b582fd1af68e06 .postImageUrl , .u2031169395e9bc99e5b582fd1af68e06 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2031169395e9bc99e5b582fd1af68e06 , .u2031169395e9bc99e5b582fd1af68e06:hover , .u2031169395e9bc99e5b582fd1af68e06:visited , .u2031169395e9bc99e5b582fd1af68e06:active { border:0!important; } .u2031169395e9bc99e5b582fd1af68e06 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2031169395e9bc99e5b582fd1af68e06 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2031169395e9bc99e5b582fd1af68e06:active , .u2031169395e9bc99e5b582fd1af68e06:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2031169395e9bc99e5b582fd1af68e06 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2031169395e9bc99e5b582fd1af68e06 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2031169395e9bc99e5b582fd1af68e06 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2031169395e9bc99e5b582fd1af68e06 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2031169395e9bc99e5b582fd1af68e06:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2031169395e9bc99e5b582fd1af68e06 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2031169395e9bc99e5b582fd1af68e06 .u2031169395e9bc99e5b582fd1af68e06-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2031169395e9bc99e5b582fd1af68e06:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Identify Marks and Spencers market position and de Essay Order now Poes literature hardly relates to the harsh realities of 19th century life. The dark, chaotic, romantic worlds he created represent an escape from the real, unromantic miseries of life to a place where miseries become grand, beautiful things. The story The Tell Tale Heart portrays the mad obsession of a man with an old mans eye. The narrator in the story tries to convince us that hes not mad, but only he is very careful by planning and executing the crime. Over all the story is about a man obsessed with an old mans eye and the fact that he cannot bare to even look at it. His hatred toward the eye drives him insane and to the point that he plots a way to kill the old man. By the end of the story the man is completely insane, because he imagines and hears the beating of the dead old mans heart buried under the floor boards. He finally confesses out of pure insanity and the police arrest him. By murdering the old man, he will never show his awful eye to anyone ever again. Also there is knowledge that in ancient times the possession of a blue evil eye was the ability to have powers and harm people. We can speculate that the narrator may not have been mad, maybe he knew the tales of the evil powered eyes, and all he wanted to do was to get rid of it, so it wouldnt cause any harm. As the narrator keeps insisting that hes not mad, the reader soon realizes that the fear of the old mans eye has consumed the narrator, who has now fallen into a state of madness. The Fall of the House of Usher, the remediation of two siblings suffering from odd illnesses and their hospitality to an old friend. Roderick and his twin sister Madeline are both suffering from rather strange illnesses. Roderick suffers from a morbid acuteness of the senses; while Madelines illness is characterized by a settled apathy, a gradual wasting away of the person, and frequent although transient affections of a partly cataleptical character which caused her to lose consciousness and feeling. The body would then assume a deathlike rigidity (Stuart, 86).Roderick, in other words is completely mad and then tries to drive the narrator insane too. Madeline is presumed dead, but then appears to them in the night and dies at an instant on Rodericks harms, also taking Roderick with her as she dies. The narrator rushes out of the decayed mansion and as he travels away from it, he sees the mansion begin to shake and crumble. Slowly it falls to the ground leaving just fragments of the Famous House of Usher.In many of Poes stories, the reader and the narrator begin to enter a state of madness and fantasy becomes reality. Here in the story, Roderick accuses the narrator of being insane. But at the end, the narrator escapes and watches the siblings and the house itself fall into its dark end. Every little detail in the story, from the description of the decayed trees outside the house, to the storm that hits when Madeline appears, adds to the cause of Rodericks madness. By being twins, Roderick and Madeline are connected in some peculiar way. As Madeline dies, she takes her twin with her, because in some way they are connected mentally. In the story, when fantasy suppresses reality and the physical self, it results in Rodericks death. Madelines return and actual death reunites the twin natures of their single being, and proves his death as he anticipated in his madness. The narrator is again accused of being a mad man by Roderick at the end of the stories, but even though he is thought to be mad, he still manages to escape before the house crashes down on him. The sorrow of his lost Leonor is the main subject in Poes poem The Raven. The narrator has lost a treasured love named Leonor. In the story he is sad for her return and as the raven appears to him, he decides to ask him questions. All he gets as an answer is nevermore. The narrator then starts to believe that the raven is some kind of evil being and tries to make him leave.The narrator imposes self torture on himself and using the bust of Pallas leads the narrator to think that the raven speaks only of wisdom. When Poe published the story The Raven, he also wrote an essay on the creation of the story, it was titled The Philosophy of Composition. In that essay Poe describes the work of composing the poem as if it were a mathematical problem. The most important thing to consider is the fact that The Raven, as well as many of Poes tales, is written backwards. The effect comes first, and the n the whole plot is set, then the story grows backward from there. Poes tales of ratiocination, e.g. the Dupin tales, are written in the same manner. Nothing is more clear than that every plot, worth the name, must be elaborated to its denouement before anything be attempted with the pen (Poe, 1850). Poe was on a mission to make his story The Raven universally appreciable. So Poe choose as the theme of the poem, beauty, since Beauty is the sole legitimate province of the poem (Poe, 1850). He also used the topic of death in his poem. This was so it could be universally understood. Poe (along with other writers) believed that the death of a beautiful woman was the most poetical use of death, because the death of beauty was tragic. After establishing subjects and tones of the poem, Poe started by writing the stanza that brought the narrator to interrogate the raven, this brought the poem to its climax, in the third verse from the end, Poe worked backwards from this stanza and used the word nevermore in many different ways, so that even with the repetition of this word, it would not prove to be monotonous. Poe builds up tension stanza by stanza, but then after the climaxing stanza he just lets the story fall and lets the narrator know that there is no meaning in searching for a moral in the ravens nevermore. The raven is just a symbol of the narrator mournfulness and his sorrow of his lost Leonor. Poes ways to describe his gothic settings make him similar to Ernest Hemingway. He uses the same ways to describe how things are, so the reader can really imagine them. With his descriptions he makes the reader paranoid about their surroundings, and makes them wonder everything around. Most all of Poes characters, are lonely and mentally distressed people. Most of his characters try to escape the real world and try to enter the insane world they create. By the end of the poems, the characters are considered completely insane or death comes to them. In most cases the main character or the narrator of the story usually enter the insane world, but sometimes he manages to escape and comes back to reality. In conclusion, poe was the creator of the short story. The short story may have excisted before, but Poe perfected it. Even though he perished in a sad and lonely death, he was a genius at his work. He was truly Americas greatest terror and horror writer. So I restate that Poe was one of the greatest writers that ever lived and his mind was of a genius and it should never have put to such torture by the criticism of human kind. His mind was very precious and all we can do now is to feel sorry for him, because being such a gifted writer he shouldnt have died in such a lonely and sad state. .ufa8f3be27e18d7fa2d389e1628deca6b , .ufa8f3be27e18d7fa2d389e1628deca6b .postImageUrl , .ufa8f3be27e18d7fa2d389e1628deca6b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ufa8f3be27e18d7fa2d389e1628deca6b , .ufa8f3be27e18d7fa2d389e1628deca6b:hover , .ufa8f3be27e18d7fa2d389e1628deca6b:visited , .ufa8f3be27e18d7fa2d389e1628deca6b:active { border:0!important; } .ufa8f3be27e18d7fa2d389e1628deca6b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ufa8f3be27e18d7fa2d389e1628deca6b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ufa8f3be27e18d7fa2d389e1628deca6b:active , .ufa8f3be27e18d7fa2d389e1628deca6b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ufa8f3be27e18d7fa2d389e1628deca6b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ufa8f3be27e18d7fa2d389e1628deca6b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ufa8f3be27e18d7fa2d389e1628deca6b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ufa8f3be27e18d7fa2d389e1628deca6b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ufa8f3be27e18d7fa2d389e1628deca6b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ufa8f3be27e18d7fa2d389e1628deca6b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ufa8f3be27e18d7fa2d389e1628deca6b .ufa8f3be27e18d7fa2d389e1628deca6b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ufa8f3be27e18d7fa2d389e1628deca6b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Adversity EssayBibliography:

Bright Horizons Business Analysis

Bright Horizons Business Analysis Free Online Research Papers The company Bright Horizons offers innovative, employer sponsored quality child care and early education. Bright Horizons can be identified in the early education industry based on the definition of an industry which is a â€Å"group of organizations offering a similar product or service to the same customer group and/or drawing from the same resource pool (Strategic Planning a Practical Guide 2008). Bright Horizons does however, have some differences from other early education industries mainly on account of the fact of being employer sponsored. Therefore, it can be set apart from other early education centers since it can be considered a private early education industry as well. Early childhood education has many factors that link education to economic growth. The key macroeconomic variables that affect early education industries such as Bright Horizons are employment and increased gross domestic product. According to Belfield of the University of New York (2006), the increase in employment can be accounted for because, â€Å"female labor force participation rates are increased somewhat, although the effects appear to be largely a function of mothers’ entry into the workforce a few time periods earlier than they otherwise might have. The labor force participation effects for those who receive early child education are also positive.† By more mothers entering the workforce because they feel comfortable sending their child to an early childhood center welfare also decreases. Early childhood education centers, such as Bright Horizons, are programs that allow parents to work, so in turn households increase labor market participation. Furthermore, studies show that children who invest time at a young age in early childhood ed ucation centers are said to have increased high school graduation and progress into college. Additionally, they go into the workplace at a higher rate than children who do not participate in these centers, therefore, raising economic growth. A second macroeconomic variable that affects Bright Horizons is gross domestic product. Gross domestic product in this case is increased based upon human capital. Human capital is not only a function of the initial stock the individual is born with (genetic luck) but is produced over the life cycle by families, schools, and firms, although most discussions of skill formation focus on schools as the major producer of abilities and skill (Cavlier, 2006). By acquiring specific numbers of children product placement and construction increase. For example, by opening up a new early childhood education center new buildings are needed, new toys need to be acquired, and other supplies in general need to be purchased. The companies making these products also have an increase in production when working mothers feel content with their child’s early childhood center. This increase is based upon a working mother’s comfort level allowing her to be more productive in the work en vironment. A central conclusion of a vast body of research is that in most countries efficiency in public spending would be enhanced if human capital investment were directed more toward the young and away from older and less-skilled for whom human capital is a poor investment (Cavlier, 2006). Bright Horizons faces several challenges and opportunities in the future. The main challenge comes into play because the company is an employer sponsored company. The challenge of being an employer sponsored company lie within companies themselves wanting to invest in an early childhood education center. With the job forces decreasing many companies do not want to involve themselves with the extra expense to open or invest in such a large facility. Another challenge is the turn-over rate. The average pay for a child care worker is $12.34 according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. This often means that someone interested in the field will use early childhood education centers as a stepping stone to furthering their career in education. On the other hand, some of the opportunities an early childhood education center such as Bright Horizons has to offer are job availability, location, and increasing number of women entering the workforce. With employment expected to increase by 18% in the next 8 years there are many opportunities to find a position in an early childhood education center. Additionally, with the availability increase more facilities have to be built therefore, the locations of centers will be more desirable. More women entering the workforce allow more children to have the chance to attend early childhood education which in turn creates more positions to work for. In conclusion, by looking at the projected employment outcomes for early childhood education center this is a growing industry. This industry will seemingly continue to grow for years to come making more need for centers such as Bright Horizons to exist. References Arts Manager. (2008). Strategic Planning. Retrieved March 14, 2008, from artsmanager.org/strategic/primer/chapter3.cfm Blefield, C. (2006). Macroeconomics of Preschooling. Retrieved March 15, 2008, from http://nieer.org/resources/research Cavlier, A. (2006). Economics and Early Childhood Economics. Retrieved March 16, 2008 from iscpa.org Research Papers on Bright Horizons Business AnalysisPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesStandardized TestingResearch Process Part OneThree Concepts of PsychodynamicHip-Hop is ArtEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenPETSTEL analysis of IndiaAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeRelationship between Media Coverage and Social and

Essay .... Pay As You Go Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

.... Pay As You Go - Essay Example He supports the government legislation that credit card amounts given to college students should be limited. I think Estrada is right. Students at their tender age have a tendency to be impulsive buyers, therefore their credit card usage and access should be limited. However, in my opinion, credit card companies should not be the only ones that are to be blamed upon for causing these problems. However, as a whole, the students themselves, their parents and the legislators should also be held responsible for the same. As the disadvantages of using credit cards weigh more than its advantages, it should be used wisely without abuse. (Can you give some more details? Not required to expand the catchy introduction) Is it clearly state the thesis statement?) And did you clearly state these points in the body paragraph?) (Is the topic sentence here, connect to the body paragraph, and also clearly show in the Introduction-Yes up to a great extent) The ease and comfort of using credit cards is what lures the young and financially inexperienced students into debt. According to Estrada in his article, â€Å"Pay as You Go†, it is so easy for people to go into debt and that young people, particularly the students for example, can take out a loan of $3,000.00 to spend on a top-of-the-line laptop. Although they may need the computer, this is too much waste of money. Estrada further states that young people under the age of 21 are not responsible enough to borrow money, wisely. They do not realize that they have to pay this back at a certain time and if they are not able to do so, they will only end up one day with bad credit. They are too inexperienced to understand the long term financial consequences. This becomes a burden on them which I think, is true because, I can relate to this situation and m ay be for other students too. I remember that when I graduated from high school, I did not know anything about credit cards. When I received my first credit card, I bought

Product and Place with Nutritional Supplements Assignment

Product and Place with Nutritional Supplements - Assignment Example Product and Place with Nutritional Supplements Introduction Product, place (distribution), promotion and price are the four most important marketing considerations. According to Nevin, the nature of a product and how it appeals to customers determine its marketability. The distribution of the product in the market can be done selectively, exclusively or over a large area depending on the choice of the producer. The sale of the product is also influenced by its price and consumers probably go in for cheaper products. Moreover, customers tend to be attracted by marketers who give them appropriate promotions (Nevin, 2002). 1.) An Overview of Distribution Channels A distribution channel can be defined as a pathway through which goods and services move from the producer to the consumer (Frazier & Summers, 2000). It involves all the institutions through which goods and services must pass from the point of their production to the point of their consumption (Kerin, Hartley & Rudelius, 2011). Lyndon and Sally argue that any meaningful definition of a distribution channel should include the flow of payments (generated from the sale of goods and products) from the consumer to the producer (Lyndon & Sally, 1998). Thus as Nevin notes, a distribution channel is an element of marketing mix that is effected through two directions: from the producer to the consumer and from the consumer to the producer (Nevin, 2002). 1. A) Channel Levels: Direct versus Indirect Distribution A distribution channel is effected at two levels: the direct and indirect distribution channels (Frazier & Summers, 2000). In a direct distribution channel, the producer delivers goods and services to the consumer without using intermediaries or middlemen (Nevin, 2002). Thus the producer sells goods and services directly to the consumer. On the other hand, in an indirect distribution channel, the producer delivers goods and services to the consumer through the assistance of intermediaries (Nevin, 2002). Thus in this case, producers use a third party in selling their products in the market. Examples of intermediaries include wholesalers, agents and retailers among others (Kerin, Hartley & Rudelius, 2011). Using intermediaries normally results in greater sales than selling directly from the point of production to that of consumption (Lyndon & Sally, 1998). 1. B) Channel Organizations: Conventional, Vertical, Horizontal and Multichannel Marketing Systems There are four main forms of marketing systems along which most distribution channels are organized. Firstly, we have a conventional marketing system which involves one or more producers, wholesalers and retailers acting independently and separately in efforts to maximize their own gains (Kerin, Hartley & Rudelius, 2011). Secondly, we have a vertical marketing system in which producers, wholesalers and retailers function as a unified unit. Here, one of the channel members acts as the owner of all the others and exercises power over them ( Frazier & Summers, 2000). Thirdly, there exist horizontal marketing systems in which two or more business companies at the same level combine their financial and marketing resources in pursuit of marketing opportunities (Lyndon & Sally, 1998). Finally, we have a multichannel marketing system where the producer uses two or more marketing channels in distributing goods and services (Nevin, 2002). 2.) Analyze your target market's needs Customers in different target

Human Resource Learning and Development Term Paper

Human Resource Learning and Development - Term Paper Example Having an interest in this industry, I along with my group have chosen our topic (how to splice 35mm film) to explain that how the cinema's employees are trained to do that job with their other responsibilities. From the outset a layman would believe that this is a very easy job however when a person actually involves oneself into it, the job doesn't look easy anymore since any mistake will affect on the movies show. Therefore I believe this project requires more observation. In this workshop, our group tried to see how the employees who are working in this field get their training. In this paper, I will mention these employees by their names who work as projectionists. Before discussing the actual details of the training program that the projectionists will go through, the theories of training need to be discussed so that a proper comprehension of the case can be presented. First of all, let me discuss the content theories of training. The content theories stress the vitality of such training which makes the trainee learn things based on the experience of the previous learners and the context in which they have worked. Obviously, the context in which various trainees are trained is entirely different. Therefore, the context of the previous learners will not be taken into consideration. Only their knowledge and the experience that they share by the type of training they went through will be important and it will be applied to the new context of the new trainees. (Blake, 2003) The learner will be facilitated in a way which will help him relate the new knowledge being given by the knowledge that is already in his mind and then to have the process of unchanging by processing the old knowledge to become new knowledge and to be stored as such in the memory. There will even be material that the trainee can use even after the training is over and therefore, th is will reinforce the learning habits which were taught in the training session and will stay with the trainee for a long time. (Keeps, 2002) The cognitive system that is studied under the content theories of training emphasizes three factors which should be taken into consideration when a trainee is being trained. That kind of training which the projectionists' individual should be equipped with long term memory about a certain subject that is, he should be able to have a perfect understanding in the long term for a particular subject, in our case, it is slicing films and dealing with films in the projection room.   The processing skills of each individual, which is the extent to which they can use learning strategies to cope up with what they are being taught and to use the problem-solving skills to apply them to specific problems that they face at work. In this case, they must know how to deal with the different kinds of films that they encounter.

Advantages And Functions Of Clearing House

Advantages And Functions Of Clearing House In addition to the clearing of city and country checks, principally the former, and the settlement of balances, which may be called the primary clearing house functions, there are others not quite so much in general use but which nevertheless are of great importance. Many clearing house associations exercise a close supervision over their members, through the medium of the clearing house system of examination under the direct supervision of a clearing house examiner. The clearing house examiner supplements the work of Federal and State examiners. The National and State officers are limited in their powers of criticism to actual infringements on the law, and before they can take steps to correct such infringements capital has often become impaired and failure is threatened. Most bank failures are due to the gradual acquirement of undesirable assets over a period of years, and if some authority exists with power to make recommendations of a remedial character, with the further power to enforce such recommendations, if necessary, there is little doubt that many bank failures would be averted. The examinations include, besides a verification of the assets and liability of each bank, so far as is possible, an investigation into the workings of every department and are made as thorough as is practicable. After each examination the examiner prepares a detailed report in duplicate, describing the banks loans, bonds, investments, and other assets, mentioning specially all loans, either direct or indirect, to officers, directors, or employees, or to corporations in which they may be interested. The report also contains a description of conditions found in every department. One of these reports is filed in the vaults of the Clearing House, in the custody of the examiner, and the other is handed to the examined banks president for the use of its directors. The individual directors are then notified that the examination has been made and that a copy of the examiners report has been handed to the president for their use. In this way every director is given an opportunity to see the report, and the examiner, in every instance, insists upon receiving acknowledgment of the receipt of these notices. The detailed report retained by the examiner is not submitted to the Clearing House committee, under whose direct supervision he operates, unless the discovery of unusual conditions makes it necessary. A special report in brief form is prepared in every case and read to the Clearing House committee at meetings called for that purpose. The report is made in letter form, and describes in general terms the character of the examined banks assets, points out all loans, direct or indirect, to officers, directors, or employees, or to corporations in which they may have an interest. It further describes all excessive and important loans, calls attention to any unwarranted conditions, gross irregularities, or dangerous tendencies, should any such exist, and expresses, in a general way, the examiners opinion of each bank as he finds it. The examiners enter into an agreement not to enter the employ of any member or non-member of the association, or any other bank, banking institution, firm, or individual engaged in the business of banking, within a radius of miles, for a period of years after the expiration of services with the association. The Clearing House examiner is a very valuable man to the small bank or new institution. The officers of these banks very often do not have the facilities or experience necessary to pass upon paper which is submitted to them for sale or discount. They are apt to become loaded up with credits which have been rejected by their larger or better informed neighbors and must pay dearly for their lack of knowledge. The bank examiner is in a position to make valuable suggestions which often save failures and liquidations. Towns which are too small to be able to afford the services of a skilled examiner can combine with two or more other cities and thus secure a proper official. A great many associations have rules for the conduct of their members. These rules provide for uniform exchange charges on out-of-town checks, uniform maximum interest rates on balances, regulations regarding hours for business, advertising, etc. Most associations publish a weekly statement of condition of the members, and cooperate in every possible way for the general good of the members of the association and the community in which it is located. There are not enough clearing house associations in America today. Nearly every town and city having three or more banks could probably form one to advantage and the Clearing House Section of the American Bankers Association will be glad to furnish all information desired. Clearing House Services Benefits Some of the key drivers that result in the IATA Clearing House benefits are: 1. Netting Through multi-lateral, multi-currency netting of Members Associates receivables a netting ratio of more than 80% is achieved. This translates into an 80% reduction in the credit risk exposure of Members Associates, significant acceleration in collection of outstanding credit and reduction in the foreign exchange risk exposure. 2. Simplification one window operation Through a single net receipt from the Clearing House or payment to the Clearing House each month, Members Associates settle their accounts with all other participants. Cross-remittances, follow-up for credit collection and delays are eliminated. Members Associates receive full accounting and reconciliation statements. Clearing House provides the robust, cost-effective infrastructure for Members Associates to settle accounts with other airlines, travel partners and service providers to enable Members Associates to focus on providing integrated, quality services to their customers. 3. Clearance calendar The calendar of ICH clearances is notified to Members Associates up to one year in advance. Members Associates can plan their billing, receivables and cash management activities in advance. Clearing House notifies each Member Associate of its net accounts with all other participants and the net payable or receivable amount, in advance. Settlement is assured on the designated ICH dates. Members Associates are able to plan and optimize the usage of their financial resources. 4. Currency Exchange and Bank Transfers Multi-currency transactions are translated into the clearance currencies at the Clearing House Rates of Exchange. After netting, settlement of the net balance is effected by/to the Members Associates concerned through a single payment in the settlement. Members Associates avoid commissions/brokerage on multiple foreign exchange transactions, international bank transfer charges and float losses. 5. Protection on Devaluation of a Debtors Currency For miscellaneous transactions, use of the Clearing House ensures that in the event of a devaluation of a debtors currency the creditor is wholly protected, and any loss of exchange falls on the debtor. The debtors loss will be restricted, however, to the exchange loss on the balance after offset of miscellaneous charges. 6. Credit Control Although membership of the Clearing House implies no credit status whatsoever, Clearing House monitors the payment history of each participant. Where necessary, security deposits are taken to cover future transactions. In the event of a default in settlement by a member or associate of the Clearing House, all other members associates are notified concurrently and at an early date. To ensure continued wide interlining capabilities and efficient customer service, Members Associates tend to pay their Clearing House balance on priority over other bilateral arrangements. The enhanced security and efficiency of settling transactions through the Clearing House enables Members Associates to generate more credit than would otherwise be available to them thereby substantially improving their working capital management. 7. Exchange Controls A number of airlines are subject to stringent exchange control regulations and central bank approval requirements in their country of residence on remittance of hard currency funds. This leads to delays in settlement to interline and travel partners or service providers, resulting in business constraints. Membership of Clearing House greatly reduces the requirements and delays: by reducing the need to only one exchange control application to settle a net balance instead of numerous applications for greater individual sums and on account of the established reputation of the IATA Clearing House for settlement of interline dues. In certain instances, need for exchange control approval is entirely eliminated due to consistent net settlement balances in that Members favor. 8. Inter-clearance with ACH The IATA Clearing House has an inter-clearance agreement with the Airlines Clearing House (ACH) of the US, enabling Members Associates of both clearing houses to settle their respective claims by and against each other. For more than 300 Members Associates of the IATA Clearing House (ICH) and just under 100 members of the ACH, this means that each participant can settle with more than 400 other parties through these Services. http://riskinstitute.ch/135470.htm Institutional Differences Existing derivatives exchanges, SROs and governmental regulatory agencies all have rules intended to achieve the three basic regulatory goals. There are many similarities in the rules of different exchanges, regulatory organizations and agencies across different jurisdictions, but there are also many differences. These differences reflect, in part, differences in the way the markets are organized and operated. One such difference, for example, concerns the relationship between the exchange for equity derivatives and the equity exchange. In some instances, the two exchanges are part of the same organization. In others, the equity derivatives exchange and the equity exchange are entirely separate entities.. Another difference concerns the structure of the clearing house. In some cases, the clearing house is part of the exchange. In others, it is not. And some clearing houses clear for only one exchange while some provide clearing services for more than one exchange. Another fundamental institutional difference lies in the trading method itself. Most derivatives exchanges use open-outcry, but some use electronic trading systems. These differences appear to be so fundamental that there is a natural inclination to believe that a successful market or successful regulation of a market can only be achieved if the proper choice is made in each of these areas. In other words, the differences in organization and trading method appear to be so profound that some believe that a market or its regulators can only be successful if the best organization and trading method is used. Let us look at each of these issues more carefully. Exchange Structure This issue is of particular interest with respect to equity derivatives. There is widespread concern that the existence of a derivatives markets for which equities are the underlying product can lead to increased volatility in the equities market and that this volatility can be function of whether the derivatives exchange is a part of the equities exchange. In this regard , it should be remembered that the fundamental reason for the existence of a derivatives market is price volatility in the underlying market. In a well-functioning derivatives market, price volatility will be the result of changes in the demand for, or supply of, the underlying product. If both markets are working properly, prices in the two markets will move together and the futures and cash prices will converge as the futures contract expires. Large changes in supply or demand conditions, therefore, should cause volatility in both markets regardless of whether the derivatives exchange is part of the exchange on which the underlying instrument is traded. A poorly designed derivatives contract can cause volatility to be higher than it would otherwise be regardless of structural considerations. The key, therefore, to preventing derivatives from increasing volatility lies primarily in ensuring proper contract design and in having adequate protections against manipulati on rather than in separating or combining the derivatives and cash markets. Clearing House Structure There are two issues here. One is whether the clearing house should be a part of the exchange or a separate entity. This distinction itself is not very important. The critical issue is that the clearing house have the authority and commitment to impose and enforce prudential margining and collection standards for all market participants. Experience has shown that both types of structure can function very well. Moreover, it has not revealed that one type is more likely to function better than another. The other structural issue concerns whether a separate clearing house for each exchange (regardless of whether the clearing house is part of the exchange) or a common clearing house for the derivatives and equity exchanges is more likely to be efficient and to promote financial integrity. There are advantages to both arrangements. A common clearing house reduces costs to its members, makes more information about financial risk readily available, and makes it easier for regulators to monitor the entire portfolio of a member. A possible advantage of separate clearing houses (or disadvantage of common clearing) is that the consequences of inadequate margining or other mistakes would have more widespread consequences. There may also be operational disadvantages to common clearing. Margining arrangements for equity and derivatives markets are different as are requirements for marking to market. There is no generally accepted view as to which arrangement is better at ensuring financial int egrity, but there would seem to be little reason for regulators to require common clearing, although they certainly might permit it. The more critical issue is whether the appropriate rules for establishing financial integrity are in place and the proper procedures for monitoring and enforcing compliance with these rules are regularly carried out. Trading Method Most existing derivatives exchanges use the open outcry method in which a trade is executed only when the parties to the trade personally agree to its terms. A few use electronic or screen-based systems in which trades are executed by a computer based upon orders entered by the parties. This difference in trading methods raises the question of whether one system is superior with respect to achieving market and financial integrity and to providing fair treatment of customers. From a regulatory perspective, however, the difference between the two types of trading systems may not be as great as some believe. All modern exchanges, whether screen-based or open outcry, rely on electronics to a large and growing extent. An open outcry system can use electronic technology for such purposes as transmitting orders, recording trades, constructing audit trails, and monitoring compliance. This means that todays open outcry exchanges are able to construct and maintain much more accurate records than was the case previously. As a result, both SROs and governmental regulators can be more effective in monitoring trading activity and in detecting and deterring rule violations. The question of the type of trading system to use is fundamentally a business or economic issue rather than a regulatory issue. Both open outcry and electronic systems can achieve acceptable levels of integrity and fairness. Neither type of system is foolproof. No matter what type of trading method is used, problems can and will occur on occasion. Some people will violate the rules. Unforeseen circumstances will arise. When this happens SROs and other regulators must be prepared to discipline those who violate the rules and to modify systems and rules if necessary. From a regulatory perspective, the most important issue is not the type of trading system. It is to ensure that the exchange has rules which are appropriate for the trading technology used and systems for monitoring and enforcing compliance with the rules. In todays world these systems will necessarily rely heavily upon electronic technology even though the trading system itself may well rely upon open outcry.

Handmaids Tale :: essays papers

Handmaids Tale In the course Y2k and The End of The World, we've studied apocalyptic themes, eschatology, and for some, teleology. Apocalypse, which is to unveil or reveal, eschatology, which is a concept of the end, and teleology, the end or purpose to which we are drawn, are all themes used in Margaret Atwood's The Handmaid's Tale. The book is apocalyptic in that it revolves around dystopian ideals. Atwood creates a world in which worst-case scenarios take control and optimistic viewpoints and positive attitudes disappear. It has been said about this book that Atwood's writing echoes numerous motifs and literary devices, such as in Huxley's creation of a drug-calmed society, her characters awaiting execution seem tranquilized by pills or shots. Atwood's Book has also been compared to other novels like it, such as Bradbury's Fahrenheit 451, Burgess' A Clockwork Orange, and the most obvious, Orwell's 1984. These books have many things in common, including the perversion of science and technology as a major determinant of society's function and control. Like most dystopian novels, The Handmaid's Tale includes the oppression of society, mainly women in this example, the prevention of advancement of thought and intelligence, and an overwhelming sense of government involvement and interference. The Apocalyptic themes and situations found in Atwood's fictional city of Gilead focus around the mistreatment of all females. Women in this city, set 200 years in the future, have no rights, and get little respect. The rule by way of theocracy in Gilead also adds to the sense of regression and hopelessness in the future. The way babies are brought into the world, only through pregnant handmaids, the idea of a black market for things considered luxuries and privileges all add to the fact that society in this novel is in a desperate state of disrepair. Other Apocalyptic themes found in the book can be compared to sections of the bible, particularly the Old Testament. The Handmaid's Tale has many elements of social decline written into its plot. From the way women are mistreated to the way corruption and evil have infiltrated the government and army, to the way the black market plays a key role in many people's lives causing a majority of society to become criminals makes it clear how social decline plays a key role in the book.

Movie Analysis of Gender Stereotyping: Antz Essay

In the movie ‘Antz’, we encountered blatant examples of prejudice based on three societal classifications: race, class, and gender. This movie appeared to be completely unintentional in the portrayal of the stereotypes, yet it is the completely benign nature of their usage which is of interest. Did Dreamworks SKG draw up the plot and characters around these stereotypes to draw the audience closer and encourage acceptance, or are these characteristics so deeply ingrained that they appeared haphazardly? Likely, we will never know, but the appearance of this phenomena is cause for interest. The movie showed instances of gender stereotyping most strongly. Starting with the women characters, there is a laundry list of notable instances, but I will only name a few. We can start with Azteca, Z’s friend and fellow â€Å"worker†. While Z is a typical male who is competitive and wants to move up in the world, Azteca maintains a somewhat â€Å"typical† female response. Instead of encouraging him, she tells Z to just smile, and happily accept his place, even if it is an awful life where he is to literally digging ditches his whole life. This example simply highlight the stereotype that women can, in effect, be â€Å"yes men†, the phrase further illustrating the perception of weakness in females. Another time when this theme appeared was when the Queen was talking to her daughter, who was, in an old-school sort of way, betrothed to a man not of her choosing, the general. While the daughter complained, the Queen simply urged her to be complacent, and accept her fate, because it is â€Å"the best thing for everyone†. Another instance, and one which I found particularly hilarious, was the woman wasp(no coincidence there, of course). When Z and the princess were in trouble, she insisted to her husband that he help them, because it was the humanitarian thing to do. It was presented in such a way that harkened to the proverbial housewife image, whereby the female has nothing to do other than take care of the house and children, and as a pleasant little â€Å"hobby†, helps out humanitarian efforts to do some good for the world. With the men, the images were more plentiful, and more a-typical. The general  was a macho, power-hungry jerk, a seemingly perfect attitude for a man in this position. Z was, while more timid, an entrepreneur, striving to accomplish something in his life, and managed to become another male hero twice during the course of the film. In the bar, it was the men who started fighting, not women. Again, very typical. As a whole, Antz demonstrated how completely these stereotypes have permeated our culture, simply because, if we had not been watching this movie in an analytical way, the stereotypes would have floated past us, unnoticed.

Literary Analysis of Fisherman by Kurt Brown Essays - Fisherman

Literary Analysis of Fisherman by Kurt Brown Essays - Fisherman Literary Analysis of Fisherman by Kurt Brown English 100 Effective College English I Prof. Stef Donev April 27, 2012 Literary Analysis of Fisherman by Kurt Brown In Kurt Browns poem Fisherman, he reveals how life can be related to the action of fishing in the ocean. The poet tries to interpret how a man goes about his daily life fishing, with hope of trying to find something greater within him. He states this in the first and second lines of the poem, A man spends his whole life fishing in him for something grand.(1-2) He gives the reader the emotion and feeling of ones persistent journey to discovering their worth in life but even though hes on a search to finding this, he has his own self doubts about himself. He gives you the sense of agony, confusion, and courage in the writing. Brown also conveys how finding something grand within ones self is like catching a big fish. But there are some things shadowing that and are unexpectedly preventing the fisher from accomplishing the big catch. The poet is metaphorically trying to portray that no matter what you encounter day by day, to keep striving and never give up. In the first lines of the poem opens up with A man spends his whole life fishing in him for something grand(1-2), figuratively refers to men as fisherman. For that reason, the fisherman is trying to discover something greater within and is constantly finding a means to improve himself for the better. This goes to show how one must keep striving, and not worrying about how difficult the path may be. As you continue reading the poem, the line Its like some lost lunker, big enough to break all records (2-3), represents how the fisherman contemplates on an attempt to overcome other fishermans achievements and exceed to do greater than their accomplishments. The poet portrays the determination to do so and keep his hopes high, in order to become better than the rest. The fisherman struggles and lacks confidence in himself which the poet states in the lines He only felt the shadow of something enormous darken is life. Or as he? (4-5) Brown tries to embody that its quite intimidating how other people can be better but when encountering any adversity, you should not stop no matter how challenging it is. The fisherman tends to continuously doubt himself, for the fact that there are many others being more successful than he is, which shows in the line Maybe its the shadow of other fish, greater than his, the shadow of other mens souls passing over him(6-7) Hes also indicating after the witnessing others being more accomplished than what he has completed, his self-confidence began to sink, questioning himself if one day he can become successful with finding his worth in life. The poet then presents Each day he grabs his gear and makes is way to the ocean. At least hes sure of that: Or is he? (8- 9), emphasizing that the fisherman does not give up and continues, striving to keep searching but undoubtedly shows a non-stop feeling of frustrating uncertainty constantly questioning himself. Through out the poem, the poet asserts that the fisherman is always facing that prolonging emotion of disbelief. Consequently, the poet stresses the fact that we are always faced with disappointment but we have to overcome that fact and succeed. Giving up is not an option but to maintain your will and have an on going fight is what He shoves off, feeling the land fall away under his boots (12), is trying to imply by the writer. Thinking negative will never get you anywhere, but having faith in yourself will definitely become a factor for completing what needs to be done and increase self worth in themselves. When the positive thinking begin to ease, the hope also grows which connects to It could be today: the water heaves and settles like a chest Hes not far out. (14-15) But the man still inclines that he is troubled and not so sure about moving forward. Therefore, continuing through the poem, the writer suggests that after one day of not finding his self worth, he moves on to discover what his unknown desires are at another

Civil Engineering essays

Civil Engineering essays Why do I want to be a civil engineer? Until recently, I did not know the answer to this question myself. I was lost when choosing a career. Then, I read about civil engineering, an occupation involving the construction of buildings, roads, and bridges. As I looked farther into civil engineering, I liked many of the other aspects involved with the career. Although the education will be difficult, I have determined that civil engineering is the career that I want to pursue. What is civil engineering? This career can not be defined using just a few words. The many obstacles that civil engineers must overcome cover a vast area of responsibilities. Civil engineers conceive, plan, construct, and operate facilities that meet basic human needs and reach out toward the realization of societys most noble goals (Auburn 106). Civil engineers solve real world problems with the combination of applying mathematics and natural sciences (Hagerty and Heer 2-3). Upon deciding to pursue a career in civil engineering, I must have many attributes that help me decide for myself if I am right for this career. Probable civil engineers can be found occupying their childhood time with mechanical toys and structural sets instead of traditional toys. These people will get enjoyment from planning, designing, and constructing works or facilities. They also have the ability to see how intelligent use of nature has made our civilization today possible and have the desire to want to improve it (Golze 41). As a child building blocks filled my toy chest, and erector sets filled my playroom. I loved the challenge of building things and making things work. A young passion for the work of a civil engineer leads me to believe I could succeed in this field. The education of a civil engineer deals mainly with math and natural sciences. The first four semesters of curriculum required, which I ...

Consequences of Talent management processes in relation to SABIC Term Paper

Consequences of Talent management processes in relation to SABIC Company - Term Paper Example Vice President Fahad Al-Sheaibi said at an International Conference of Arab Society for Human Resources Management (ASHRM) that the company employees now require global leadership skills. This is due to the complexity and multiplicity of the modern business environment, as well as employee diversities (Baporikar, 2013). He further said that getting the best of their employees and leveraging their cultural experience as they embrace their diversity is a major source of the Company’s competitive advantage. On SABIC, Al-Sheaibi said that the company has adopted a precise and sophisticated talent management strategy that seeks first to identify the easy steps the organization can take to focus on those challenges (Baqutayan, 2014). SABIC, therefore, must gradually implement a global approach to performance appraisal via the Talent Review Process. SABIC has identified four priorities necessary for achieving this as enshrined in its vision 2025. These include focusing on the organizational culture and leadership as the key to driving the much-needed changes within internal and external business environment (McDonnell, Hickey & Gunnigle, 2011). The second priority is to ensure that every staff member have the relevant skills and knowledge needed to perform the task to the best of their abilities. Third is to realize that the company’s recruitment is not only aimed at the present market but for future market needs. Lastly is to ensure that the Huma Resource team if fully equipped with the relevant requirements to meet its objectives (Alrasheedi, 2012). He further emphasized that attracting the right people with technical excellence and ability to join the organization is very critical for the realization of their vision. These qualities are what get a candidate through an interview door since SABIC recognizes the fact tha t most people work to make a difference not only for paychecks. SABIC also offers Career Development Programmes as an important part of the employee

Pulmonary Rehabilitation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Pulmonary Rehabilitation - Essay Example To achieve this objective, Rochester (2008) analyzes various relevant secondary sources. The researcher finds the need for preoperative pulmonary rehabilitation for patients preparing for lung transplantation or LVRS because such patients are medically complex and have exercise limitations and that these surgical procedures present substantial preoperative complications and risk of mortality. Despite its ventilating limitation, it was found that this procedure improves peak work rate, walk distance, muscle strength, maximum oxygen consumption and quality of life. However, the researcher could not determine whether it increases surgery survival, surgery tolerance and adherence to medication. The research documents postoperative benefits of pulmonary rehabilitation including hastening recovery and optimizing functional status. There are no formal guidelines for pulmonary rehabilitation but the research suggests strength exercise training, alternating high and low intensity training and stretching and chest mobility exercises among others. The findings give scientific evidence of effectiveness, safety and feasibility of pulmonary rehabilitation for patients seeking to undergo or recovering from lung transplantation or LVRS. However, the patients should be monitored to ensure that they do not show any signs of undesirable events. Appropriate safety precautions should be taught during training. Rochester (2008) proposes the need for future investigation of whether lung transplantation and LVRS outcome could be improved by improving symptom management and exercise

Genes and Environment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Genes and Environment - Research Paper Example DNA is present on the chromosomes in a coiled helical manner and controls the cellular metabolism as it has nitrogen base that contains four different nitrogen bases- Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C), Thymine (T). A pairs with T with a double Hydrogen bond while G pairs with C with a triple nitrogen bond. On the other hand, RNA also contains A, G, and C but instead of T, it has U, the Uracil. The exact sequence of the base pair is required for the formation of a particular protein any change in the sequence of the base pairs changes the structure and function of the protein molecule and hence the cellular metabolism is affected (Alberts, 2002; Snustad, 2002). DNA controls the cellular environment as well as the metabolic processes, synthesizes mRNA molecule by the process of transcription, RNA, in turn, synthesize polypeptide chain by the process of translation. Polypeptides are the basic structure of the protein molecules. These proteins are responsible for the formation of en zymes which control the cellular mechanism and hence influence the survival of the organism (Alberts, 2002; Snustad, 2002). Genes possess information to maintain the cellular environment and trigger the formation or stoppage of the formation of the polypeptide. Depending on the cellular requirement the genes are switched on and off. Genes are the heritable units i.e. they pass the genetic traits to the offspring. The genetic makeup of the organism is called the genotype while genes also govern the external appearance of the organism, the phenotype. It is because of genes an offspring resemble parents in appearance and behavior to a certain extent. Thus, genes are the most vital components of life and carry out all the biological processes (Alberts, 2002; Snustad, 2002). The number of genes varies from organisms to organisms. For instance, micro-organisms possess single chromosomes and therefore they have limited genes. Viruses, which are considered to be the connecting link between the living and non-living entities carry either DNA or RNA. For their replication and multiplication, they pass only the genetic material to the host cell and this genetic material takes control over the host cell machinery to make multiple copies of the viral particles. Thereby highlighting the fact that genes retain all the information required for the formation of the complete organism, from the single cell to multicellular organisms (Alberts, 2002; Snustad, 2002). Multicellular organisms possess a greater number of chromosomes, for instance, human beings have 23 pairs of chromosomes carrying different genes located on different chromosomes to carry out different physiological and biological processes (Alberts, 2002; Snustad, 2002). Interaction of genes As genes are chemical entities, they are liable to interact with various physical and chemical molecules. These chemicals interact with the genetic molecules and potentially alters their characteristics. Alteration of genes is cal led mutation (Alberts, 2002; Snustad, 2002). Alteration of genes occurs in many ways either in terms of addition, deletion, duplication of base pairs. These alterations are responsible for various genetic anomalies.

Financial Institutions Essay Example for Free

Financial Institutions Essay The best financial institution for the high debt and high income professionals looking to obtain insurance and investment advice and services is a financial planning services company such as Ameriprise Financial. Financial planning looks at life events and life goals such as retirement and estate planning and offers advice and provides products to help meet those goals. Many financial planning services companies also offer loans and deposit banking accounts. Generally one representative who is licensed to sell insurance, investments, and loans will work with this couple throughout their relationship with the company. The representative’s goal is to periodically review changes in life events and modify the couple’s insurance and investment portfolio to meet their changing goals and objectives. For this couple, the representative may suggest a product that combines insurance and investment such as an annuity or universal life insurance. The couple can establish a relationship with a financial services firm in a local branch or through an interactive website maintained by the company. In some cases the bank that they are already established with may have a financial planning division that they can access in the local branch or through the bank website. Scenario B The best financial institution for a student looking to establish a checking or saving account, establish credit, and develop a relationship with a financial institution should consider a credit union. A credit union is similar to a bank in that it offers deposit accounts and loan programs, but differs from banks in that credit unions are non-profit organizations that are owned and operated by members as opposed to being owned by stockholders and operated by executive boards. Credit unions generally offer higher interest rates on savings accounts, lower fees on checking accounts, and lower interest rates on loans and credit cards. Credit union membership is generally tied to an organization such as a labor union, many large corporations have employee credit unions, some churches or communities have credit unions for members. This student can establish a credit union relationship through parents or may become employed in a local business that offers credit union membership as an employee benefit. Organizations like the Credit Union National Association provides resources and information for consumers. Scenario C The best financial institution for a small business owner who needs multiple deposit and checking accounts, investment services, and access to branches in other cities should consider a national bank such as Bank of America that has branches nationwide as well as online account access. Bank of America, and similar national banks, offer online payroll processing, credit card processing for retailers, and provide businesses with the option of importing bank statement information into popular accounting software formats such as Quicken, QuickBooks, and Microsoft Money. National banks have departments dedicated to small business lending and offer various types of Small Business Administration (SBA) loans. They also have services to meet the needs of specialty industries including financing and leasing partnerships with auto dealers. The business owner can establish a relationship with a banking professional at a local branch or can establish accounts online. National banks generally have extensive, interactive websites which provide information and guidance on establishing the business banking relationship. References Ameriprise Financial. Financial planning advice and financial advisors. Retrieved March 11, 2009, from http://www. ameriprise. com/default-home . asp Bank of America. Small business loans, payroll services other small business services. Retrieved March 11, 2009, from https://www. bankofamerica. com/smallbus iness/index. jsp Credit Union National Association, Consumer Info. Americas credit unions: where people are worth more than money. Retrieved March 11, 2009, from http://www. creditunion. coop/what_is_a_ cu. html

The Black Death Essay -- Plague

Graveyards were full, medicine failed, parents abandoned ill children and in just six months, millions had died. It was the beginning of the Black Death. It was a deadly plague that spread through Europe and Asia from the mid 1330’s -50’s. The cause of death for twenty million people, the survivors thought it was God’s anger at something they had done and, therefore, the end of the world. In Venice, ninety thousand died and in Florence, half the population. There were three types of the plague. The Bubonic plague was the most common, the Pneumonic Plague was less common and the Septicaemic Plague was the most deadly and rarest of them all. Historians believe that the plague was caused by fleas that came to Europe from Asia on ships. At the time, people thought they were being punished by God and that they were being abandoned to fend for themselves. They thought the plague was being spread by bad smells. The plague is believed to have originated from central Asia in 1331, when the wild rats moved to live around the people, probably due to flooding and earthquakes. From central Asia, the plague spread to China and India before moving west to Iran. By 1345, the disease had spread along the trading routes to Europe. It is thought that Italian trading ships that were at Caffa also brought the plague to Constantinople, the capital of Turkey, and then to Eastern and Western Europe. The plague was then spread from person to person by bad hygiene and because the sick and dying weren’t isolated from the rest of the world. It affected more people in cities that in rural areas. This is because people in cities people are in closer proximity to each other than people in rural areas, so the germs have more people to get to than in the... ...hurch and ruling class in order to survive. Now, most people have a choice of religion and most people aren’t treated like the people of the medieval period. We have more advanced medicine and have excelled in science and knowledge. As a result of the Black Death we are now an almost perfectly civilized community that knows how to try and avoid things happening such as the Black Death. Bibliography: Mellissa Snell. (2008). Death Defined. [Online]. About.com. Available from: [23 July 2008]. E.L. Skip Knox. (Unknown). The Middle Ages: The Black Death. [Online]. Boise State University. Available from: . [23 July 2008]. Greer, V.et al. (1997) Ancient & Medieval Worlds. Mason, K.J. (2004) Experience in World History. BBC History Magazine

Dulce et Decorum Est Essay -- English Literature

Dulce et Decorum Est contrasts intensely with the poems mentioned. Poems such as Fall In, The Two Mothers, Who's for the Game? and Recruting only have one motive, they are created to encourage people to enrol in the armed forces. "Dulce et Decorum Est" contrasts intensely with the poems mentioned. Poems such as "Fall In", "The Two Mothers", "Who's for the Game?" and "Recruting" only have one motive, they are created to encourage people to enrol in the armed forces. Whereas Owen wrote "Dulce et Decorum Est " in order to inform people about the terror, anguish and torment which was experienced during the war. The recruiting poems make the war seem like a game and that you would be missing out on a big opportunity if u don't go, when really you would be better off safe at home! Verse One Verse one describes how the soldiers are returning to base camp. Owen uses a slow halting rhythm to suggest how much pain and misery the soldiers are encountering and to imitate how slow are walking. He does this by using punctuation. Verse one tells us a lot about the condition, both physically and mentally, of the men and it gives us an idea of the appalling conditions! He portrays this by his use of similes, metaphors and vocabulary. He uses similes such as, "Bent double, like hags"; this simile illustrates how many of the men fall ill! Owen also uses metaphors such as, "Drunk with fatigue", to display how tired the infantrymen are, this metaphor leads us to believe that the men are so tired that they are unaware what is happening around them! The poet's choice of vocabulary in verse one is very effective in communicating the message of fatigue. He uses words such as sludge, trudge, and haunting to describe the ... ...My friend, you would not tell with such high zest, To children ardent for some desperate glory, The old Lie: Dulce et decorum est Pro patria mori." This verse is directed at the authority figures! In the "Charge of the Light Brigade" onomatoepia is used to communicate the bravery of the soldiers and to recreate the sounds on the battlefield, "thunder'd" and "stormed at by shot and shell". Owen uses onomatoepia to describe the death of the soldier in the last verse, "Gargling from froth-corrupted lungs". My favourite out of the two poems has to be Wilfred Owen's, "Dulce et Decorum Est", mainly because it is more realistic about what I would have imagined the war to be like! It is the more emotional poem of the two as it is filled with the writer's own thoughts, fears and feelings. I think it is a wonderful piece of work and enjoyed studying it in depth!

First Crusade

The First Crusade (1096–1099) was a military expedition by Roman Catholic Europe to regain the Holy Lands taken in the Muslim conquests of the Levant (632–661), ultimately resulting in the recapture of Jerusalem in 1099. It was launched on 27 November 1095 by Pope Urban II with the primary goal of responding to an appeal from Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos, who requested that western volunteers come to his aid and help to repel the invading Seljuq Turks from Anatolia.An additional goal soon became the principal objective—the Christian reconquest of the sacred city of Jerusalem and the Holy Land and the freeing of the Eastern Christians from Islamic rule. During the crusade, knights and peasants from many nations of Western Europe travelled over land and by sea, first to Constantinople and then on towards Jerusalem, as crusaders; the peasants greatly outnumbered the knights.Peasants and knights were split into separate armies; however, because the peasants w ere not as well-trained in combat as the knights, their army failed to reach Jerusalem. The knights arrived at Jerusalem, launched an assault on the city, and captured it in July 1099, massacring many of the city's Muslim and Jewish inhabitants. They also established the crusader states of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, the County of Tripoli, the Principality of Antioch, and the County of Edessa.Because the First Crusade was largely concerned with Jerusalem, a city which had not been under Christian dominion for 461 years, and the crusader army refused to return the land to the control of the Byzantine Empire, the status of the First Crusade as defensive or as aggressive in nature remains controversial. The First Crusade was part of the Christian response to the Muslim conquests, and was followed by the Second Crusade to the Ninth Crusade, but the gains made lasted for less than 200 years. It was also the first major step towards reopening international trade in the West since the fall o f the Western Roman Empire.